BACKGROUND The dogma that urine is sterile in healthy individuals has been overturned by recent studies applying molecular-based methods. Mounting evidences indicate that dysbiosis of the urinary microbiota is associated with several urological diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the urinary microbiome of male patients with calcium-based kidney stones and compare it with those of healthy individuals. RESULTS The diversity of the urinary microbiota in kidney stone patients was significantly lower than that of healthy controls based on the Shannon and Simpson index (P < 0.001 for both indices). The urinary microbiota structure also significantly differed between kidney stone patients and healthy controls (ANOSIM, R = 0.11, P < 0.001). Differential representation of inflammation associated bacteria (e.g., Acinetobacter) and several enriched functional pathways were identified in the urine of kidney stones patients. Meanwhile, we found the species diversity, overall composition of microbiota and predicted functional pathways were similar between bladder urine and renal pelvis urine in kidney stone patients. CONCLUSIONS A marked dysbiosis of urinary microbiota in male patients with calcium-based kidney stones was observed, which may be helpful to interpret the association between bacteria and calcium-based kidney stones.

中文翻译：

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用钙基肾结石分析男性尿液微生物组。

背景技术最近的应用基于分子的方法的研究已经推翻了在健康个体中尿不育的教条。越来越多的证据表明，泌尿菌群失调与几种泌尿系统疾病有关。在这项研究中，我们旨在调查男性钙基肾结石患者的尿微生物组，并将其与健康个体进行比较。结果根据Shannon和Simpson指数，肾结石患者尿中微生物菌群的多样性显着低于健康对照者（两个指数均P <0.001）。肾结石患者和健康对照者之间的尿微生物群结构也显着不同（ANOSIM，R = 0.11，P <0.001）。炎症相关细菌的差异表示（例如，在肾结石患者的尿液中发现了不动杆菌和一些丰富的功能途径。同时，我们发现肾结石患者的膀胱尿液和肾盂尿液的物种多样性，微生物群的总体组成和预测的功能途径相似。结论在男性钙基肾结石患者中观察到明显的泌尿菌群失调，这可能有助于解释细菌与钙基肾结石之间的关系。