ABSTRACT Ozone is a pollutant at the ground level derived from the anthropogenic activities such as combustion and volatile organic compounds release in the environment. The ozone concentration at the ground level passed from <10 ppb in pre-industrial era to 50 ppb of the present time. Ozone concentration at ground level is growing at a rate of 1% per year. Rubber articles and tires are degraded by the ozone attack. The increasing ozone concentration in air requires adequate protection of rubber goods to avoid premature aging and failure. At present, the best antiozonant molecules used in the industrial practice are N,N’-substituted p-phenylenediamines (PPDs). In this review, the reaction of ozone with diene rubber double bonds is examined together with the macroscopic effects produced by ozone in the rubber articles. Since the protection of rubber from ozone is ensured by the addition of PPDs; in this review, the early stages of ozone reaction with PPDs are discussed in detail using both theoretical and experimental results. The stoichiometry O3/PPD was determined experimentally. It was found that each single PPD molecule is able to scavenge at least four ozone molecules.

中文翻译：

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橡胶免受臭氧侵蚀的保护机制

摘要 臭氧是一种地面污染物，来源于人为活动，如燃烧和环境中释放的挥发性有机化合物。地面臭氧浓度从前工业时代的 <10 ppb 上升到现在的 50 ppb。地面臭氧浓度正以每年 1% 的速度增长。橡胶制品和轮胎会因臭氧侵蚀而降解。空气中不断增加的臭氧浓度需要对橡胶制品进行充分保护，以避免过早老化和失效。目前，工业实践中使用的最好的抗臭氧分子是N,N'-取代的对苯二胺（PPDs）。在这篇综述中，臭氧与二烯橡胶双键的反应与臭氧在橡胶制品中产生的宏观效应一起被研究。由于添加 PPD 可确保橡胶免受臭氧影响；在这篇综述中，使用理论和实验结果详细讨论了臭氧与 PPD 反应的早期阶段。化学计量O3/PPD是通过实验确定的。发现每个单个 PPD 分子能够清除至少四个臭氧分子。