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Ontogenetic differences in the chemical defence of flea beetles influence their predation risk
Functional Ecology ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-17 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13548 Theresa Sporer 1 , Johannes Körnig 1 , Franziska Beran 1
中文翻译：
跳蚤甲虫化学防御的个体发育差异会影响其捕食风险
更新日期：2020-03-17
Functional Ecology ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-17 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13548 Theresa Sporer 1 , Johannes Körnig 1 , Franziska Beran 1
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- Several insect species have evolved two‐component chemical defences that enable the rapid release of deterrent or toxic metabolites upon predator attack. However, whether these chemical defences vary across insect ontogeny and how this affects the predation risk of different life stages has rarely been addressed.
- The horseradish flea beetle Phyllotreta armoraciae possesses a two‐component chemical defence that consists of sequestered glucosinolates and an insect myrosinase capable of converting the non‐toxic glucosinolates to deterrent isothiocyanates. Here, we show that the levels of sequestered glucosinolates only varied 2‐fold across beetle ontogeny, but that insect myrosinase activity differed up to 43‐fold among ontogenetic stages.
- Specifically, glucosinolate levels were 1.5‐fold lower in the larvae of P. armoraciae than in pupae, but they showed 43.4‐fold higher levels of myrosinase activity. Consistent with the distinct levels of myrosinase activity in larvae and pupae, only larvae released high amounts of toxic isothiocyanates when they were attacked by the generalist predator Harmonia axyridis. P. armoraciae larvae deterred the predator and survived one attack, whereas pupae were killed.
- Feeding of P. armoraciae larvae on plants that differed in glucosinolates and plant myrosinase activity influenced the accumulation of glucosinolates in larvae and their subsequent interaction with H. axyridis. Larvae with low levels of sequestered glucosinolates were much more susceptible to predation than larvae containing high glucosinolate levels.
- Our results demonstrate that sequestered plant defence metabolites selectively protect specific ontogenetic stages of P. armoraciae from predation. The strong influence of plant defensive chemistry on sequestration indicates that predators have played an important role in the evolution of host use in this specialist herbivore. The distinct life styles of flea beetle life stages and their strategies to prevent predation by biologically relevant predator communities deserve further investigations.
中文翻译：
跳蚤甲虫化学防御的个体发育差异会影响其捕食风险
- 几种昆虫已经进化出两成分的化学防御作用，能够在捕食者袭击后迅速释放具有威慑力或有毒代谢产物。但是，这些化学防御在昆虫个体上是否有所不同，以及这如何影响不同生命阶段的捕食风险，这一点很少得到解决。
- 辣根跳蚤甲虫Phyllotreta armolaciae具有两部分化学防御作用，包括螯合的芥子油苷和一种昆虫黑芥子酶，能够将无毒的芥子油苷转化为威慑的异硫氰酸酯。在这里，我们显示了在甲虫个体发育过程中，螯合的芥子油苷水平仅变化了2倍，但是在个体发育阶段，昆虫黑芥子酶的活性差异高达43倍。
- 具体地说，芥子气荚虫幼虫中的芥子油苷水平比p中的芥子油苷水平低1.5倍，但它们的黑芥子酶活性水平却高43.4倍。与幼虫和p中黑芥子酶活性的明显不同相一致，只有幼虫在多才多艺的掠食者Harmonia axyridis的攻击下释放出大量有毒的异硫氰酸盐。P. armeriaciae幼虫阻止了捕食者，幸免了一次袭击，而whereas被杀死。
- 在芥子油苷和植物黑芥子酶活性不同的植物上饲喂甲虾幼虫的饲料影响了芥子油苷在幼虫中的积累及其与腋蛾的相互作用。螯合芥子油苷水平低的幼虫比含芥子油苷水平高的幼虫更容易被捕食。
- 我们的结果表明，螯合的植物防御代谢产物选择性地保护了防疫假单胞菌特定的个体发育阶段。植物防御化学对螯合的强烈影响表明，捕食者在该专业食草动物宿主用途的演变中发挥了重要作用。跳蚤甲虫生命阶段的独特生活方式及其防止生物学相关捕食者群落捕食的策略值得进一步研究。
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