Main conclusion This study provides broad insight into the chloroplast genomes of the subfamily Monsteroideae. The identified polymorphic regions may be suitable for designing unique and robust molecular markers for phylogenetic inference. Abstract Monsteroideae is the third largest subfamily (comprises 369 species) and one of the early diverging lineages of the monocot plant family Araceae. The phylogeny of this important subfamily is not well resolved at the species level due to scarcity of genomic resources and suitable molecular markers. Here, we report annotated chloroplast genome sequences of four Monsteroideae species: Spathiphyllum patulinervum , Stenospermation multiovulatum , Monstera adansonii , and Rhaphidophora amplissima . The quadripartite chloroplast genomes (size range 163,335–164,751 bp) consist of a pair of inverted repeats (25,270–25,931 bp), separating a small single copy region (21,448–22,346 bp) from a large single copy region (89,714–91,841 bp). The genomes contain 114 unique genes, including four rRNA genes, 80 protein-coding genes, and 30 tRNA genes. Gene features, amino acid frequencies, codon usage, GC contents, oligonucleotide repeats, and inverted repeats dynamics exhibit similarities among the four genomes. Higher rate of synonymous substitutions was observed as compared to non-synonymous substitutions in 76 protein-coding genes. Positive selection was observed in seven protein-coding genes, including psbK , ndhK , ndhD , rbcL , accD , rps8 , and ycf2 . Our included species of Araceae showed the monophyly in Monsteroideae and other subfamilies. We report 30 suitable polymorphic regions. The polymorphic regions identified here might be suitable for designing unique and robust markers for inferring the phylogeny and phylogeography among closely related species within the genus Spathiphyllum and among distantly related species within the subfamily Monsteroideae. The chloroplast genomes presented here are a valuable contribution towards understanding the molecular evolutionary dynamics in the family Araceae.

中文翻译：

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怪兽科（天南星科）叶绿体基因组的分子进化

主要结论 本研究提供了对怪物科亚科叶绿体基因组的广泛了解。鉴定的多态性区域可能适用于设计用于系统发育推断的独特且稳健的分子标记。摘要 Monsteroideae 是第三大亚科（包括369 种），是单子叶植物天南星科的早期分化谱系之一。由于缺乏基因组资源和合适的分子标记，这个重要亚科的系统发育在物种水平上没有得到很好的解决。在这里，我们报告了四种 Monsteroideae 物种的带注释的叶绿体基因组序列：Spathiphyllum patulinervum、Stenospermation multiovulatum、Monstera adansonii 和 Rhaphidophora amplissima。四分叶绿体基因组（大小范围 163,335–164,751 bp）由一对反向重复序列（25, 270–25,931 bp），将一个小的单拷贝区域（21,448–22,346 bp）与一个大的单拷贝区域（89,714–91,841 bp）分开。基因组包含 114 个独特基因，包括 4 个 rRNA 基因、80 个蛋白质编码基因和 30 个 tRNA 基因。四个基因组之间的基因特征、氨基酸频率、密码子使用、GC 含量、寡核苷酸重复和反向重复动态表现出相似性。与 76 个蛋白质编码基因中的非同义替换相比，观察到更高的同义替换率。在 7 个蛋白质编码基因中观察到阳性选择，包括 psbK 、 ndhK 、 ndhD 、 rbcL 、 accD 、 rps8 和 ycf2 。我们纳入的天南星科物种在怪兽科和其他亚科中表现出单系。我们报告了 30 个合适的多态区域。这里确定的多态性区域可能适用于设计独特且稳健的标记，以推断白鹭属内密切相关的物种和怪兽亚科内远缘相关的物种之间的系统发育和系统地理学。这里介绍的叶绿体基因组对了解天南星科的分子进化动力学做出了宝贵的贡献。