A new endstation to perform operando chemical analysis at solid-liquid interfaces by means of ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) is presented. The endstation is located at the Swiss Light Source and can be attached to the soft x-ray in situ spectroscopy beamline (X07DB) for solid-gas type experiments and to a tender x-ray beamline (PHOENIX I) for solid-liquid interface experiments. The setup consists of three interconnected ultrahigh vacuum chambers: one for sample preparation using surface science techniques, the analysis chamber for APXPS experiments, and an entry-lock chamber for sample transfer across the two pressure regimes. The APXPS chamber is designed to study solid-liquid interfaces stabilized by the dip and pull method. Using a three-electrode setup, the potential difference across the solid-electrolyte interface can be controlled, as is demonstrated here using an Ir(001) electrode dipped and pulled from a 0.1M KOH electrolyte. The new endstation is successfully commissioned and will offer unique opportunities for fundamental studies of phenomena that take place at solid-liquid interfaces and that are relevant for fields such as electrochemistry, photochemistry, or biochemistry, to name a few.

中文翻译：

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用温柔的 x 射线探测固-液界面：瑞士光源的新环境压力 x 射线光电子能谱终端站

提出了一种通过环境压力 X 射线光电子能谱 (APXPS) 在固液界面进行操作化学分析的新终端站。终端站位于瑞士光源处，可以连接到软 X 射线原位光谱光束线 (X07DB) 进行固气类型实验，也可以连接到软 X 射线光束线 (PHOENIX I) 进行固液界面实验. 该装置由三个相互连接的超高真空室组成：一个用于使用表面科学技术进行样品制备，一个用于 APXPS 实验的分析室，以及一个用于跨两个压力范围进行样品传输的入口锁室。APXPS 室旨在研究通过浸拉法稳定的固液界面。使用三电极设置，固体电解质界面上的电位差是可以控制的，正如这里使用从 0.1M KOH 电解质中浸入和拉出的 Ir(001) 电极所演示的那样。新的终端站已成功投入使用，将为固液界面上发生的现象的基础研究提供独特的机会，这些现象与电化学、光化学或生物化学等领域相关，仅举几例。