Earthquakes of relatively greater magnitude may cause serious, sometimes unexpected failures of natural and human-made structures, either on the surface, underground, or even at sea. In this review, by treating several examples of extraordinary earthquake-related failures that range from the collapse of every second building in a commune to the initiation of spontaneous crustal rupture at depth, we consider the physical background behind the apparently abnormal earthquake disaster. Simple but rigorous dynamic analyses reveal that such seemingly unusual failures actually occurred for obvious reasons, which may remain unrecognized in part because in conventional seismic analyses only kinematic aspects of the effects of lower-frequency seismic waves below 1 Hz are normally considered. Instead of kinematics, some dynamic approach that takes into account the influence of higher-frequency components of waves over 1 Hz will be needed to anticipate and explain such extraordinary phenomena and mitigate the impact ...

中文翻译：

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地震灾害物理学：从地壳破裂到建筑物倒塌

相对较大的地震可能会导致地表、地下甚至海上的自然和人造结构发生严重的、有时是意外的故障。在这篇综述中，通过处理几个与地震相关的异常故障的例子，从公社中每两座建筑物的倒塌到深处自发地壳破裂的开始，我们考虑了明显异常地震灾难背后的物理背景。简单但严格的动态分析表明，这种看似不寻常的故障实际上是​​出于显而易见的原因而发生的，这可能仍然未被认识到，部分原因是在传统的地震分析中，通常只考虑低于 1 Hz 的低频地震波影响的运动学方面。而不是运动学，