Formic acid and formates are often produced by hydrogenation of CO₂ with hydrogen over homogeneous catalysts. The present review reports recent achievements in utilization of heterogeneous catalysts. It shows that highly dispersed supported metal catalysts are able to carry out this reaction by providing activation of hydrogen on the metal sites and activation of CO₂ or bicarbonate on the support sites. Important advances have recently been achieved through utilization of catalysts using C_xN_y materials as supports. The high activity of these catalysts could be assigned to their ability to stabilize the active metal in a state of single-metal atoms or heterogenized metal complexes, which may demonstrate a higher activity than metal atoms on the surface of metal nanoparticles.

甲酸和甲酸酯通常是通过在均相催化剂上用氢气将CO ₂加氢来生产的。本综述报告了利用多相催化剂的最新成就。它表明高度分散的负载型金属催化剂能够通过在金属位点上提供氢活化并在载体位点上提供CO ₂或碳酸氢盐活化来进行该反应。最近通过利用使用C _x N _y的催化剂已经取得了重要的进展。材料作为支撑。这些催化剂的高活性可以归因于其将活性金属稳定在单金属原子或杂化金属络合物状态的能力，这可能证明其活性高于金属纳米颗粒表面上的金属原子。