Abstract Urban parks provide multiple ecosystem services to mitigate challenges from climate change and urbanisation. They promote health and well-being by providing space for physical activity and social interaction, which is particularly relevant for vulnerable groups such as children and older people. As a key element, park vegetation creates favourable environments, as it moderates heat, buffers noise and can be enjoyed by citizens. In this paper, we present the results of a multi-method empirical study conducted in the city of Leipzig, Germany, during the summer heat and drought period in July 2018. Visitation patterns were analysed through qualitative observation and structured counting in two differently characterised urban parks – a newly developed urban park on a former railway brownfield and a long-standing, older park with a mature tree population. The results indicate that park design elements are linked to park use activities and park user age groups such as young children, school children and older people. Young children were identified as mostly using playgrounds and natural lawn areas in the old park, while school children and teenagers tended to use the sports areas and semi-secluded spaces in the newly developed park to play sports or to meet in groups and socialize. For older people, sedentary activity was exclusively observed on benches, and non-sedentary activity such as jogging was nearly exclusively identified in the larger, more shaded older park. The number of counted park users, particularly numbers of children and older people, significantly declined at the highest temperature of approximately 30 °C. Considering the provision and availability of inclusive design elements that support these use behaviours may increase the motivation of all age groups to use green spaces and to benefit from the services they provide. Planning for a more effective and just provision of ecosystem services requires the consideration of age-specific design elements to invite use from all population groups equally and to contribute to distributional justice.

中文翻译：

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夏季炎热条件下两个不同特征的城市公园的体育活动模式

摘要 城市公园提供多种生态系统服务，以缓解气候变化和城市化带来的挑战。它们通过为身体活动和社交互动提供空间来促进健康和福祉，这对于儿童和老年人等弱势群体尤其重要。作为一个关键元素，公园植被创造了有利的环境，因为它可以缓和热量、缓冲噪音并可供市民享用。在本文中，我们展示了在 2018 年 7 月夏季炎热和干旱期间在德国莱比锡市进行的多方法实证研究的结果。通过定性观察和结构化计数分析了两个不同特征的城市的访问模式。公园 - 一个新开发的城市公园，位于前铁路棕地和一个长期存在的，拥有成熟树木种群的老公园。结果表明，公园设计元素与公园使用活动和公园用户年龄组（如幼儿、学童和老年人）相关联。幼儿被确定主要使用旧公园的游乐场和天然草坪区，而学童和青少年则倾向于使用新开发公园的运动区和半隐蔽空间进行运动或成群结队和社交。对于老年人来说，久坐活动仅在长凳上被观察到，而慢跑等非久坐活动几乎只在更大、更阴凉的老公园中被发现。在约 30°C 的最高温度下，统计的公园使用者人数，尤其是儿童和老年人的人数显着减少。考虑到支持这些使用行为的包容性设计元素的提供和可用性，可能会增加所有年龄组使用绿色空间并从他们提供的服务中受益的动机。规划更有效和公正地提供生态系统服务需要考虑特定年龄的设计元素，以邀请所有人口群体平等使用并促进分配公正。