The occurrence and accompanying risks of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in Indonesian jamu were evaluated. PAs were detected in 34 out of 35 jamu containing PA-producing botanicals, in the range of 12.3-235,376 μg/kg. A total PA level of 5.9-3421 μg/kg was found in 17 out of 23 jamu made of non-PA-producing botanicals pointing to contamination with PA-producing plants. Short-time consumption of jamu is unlikely to result in acute toxic effects, although one sample would exceed an intake of 10 μg PA/kg bw/day which may cause hepatic veno-occlusive disease (HVOD) in humans. The risk assessment for the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of PAs revealed Margin of Exposure (MOE) values below 10,000 for 27 out of all samples analysed (46.6%), indicating a priority for risk management when assuming daily lifelong consumption. Assuming consumption for two weeks every year during a lifetime, and using Haber's rule, 13 out of 35 jamu samples containing PA-producing botanicals (37%) still raise a priority, while the jamu consisting of non-PA-producing botanicals would be of no priority (MOE>10,000). This study provides data that can support risk management actions in Indonesia to minimize the potential health risk for jamu consumers due to the occurrence of toxic PAs in these products.

中文翻译：

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在印尼市场上可以找到印尼果酱中的吡咯烷嗪生物碱，并附带有人类食用安全性评估。

评估了印尼jamo吡咯烷核生物碱（PAs）的发生及其伴随的风险。在含ja的PA产生植物的35种果酱中，有34种检测出PA，浓度范围为12.3-235,376μg/ kg。在由非PA生产的植物制成的23种果酱中，有17种被发现总PA含量为5.9-3421μg/ kg，这表明PA生产植物受到污染。尽管一个样品的摄入量超过10μgPA / kg bw /天，这可能会导致人类肝静脉阻塞性疾病（HVOD），但短期食用jamu不太可能导致急性毒性作用。对PA的遗传毒性和致癌潜力的风险评估显示，在所有分析的样本中，有27个样本的暴露边际（MOE）值低于10,000（46.6％），这表明在假定其终生食用后，应优先进行风险管理。假设在一生中每年消费两周，并使用Haber规则，则在35个包含PA产生植物药的jamu样品中，有13个（占37％）仍被优先考虑，而由非PA产生的植物药组成的jamu则应无优先级（MOE> 10,000）。这项研究提供的数据可以支持印度尼西亚的风险管理措施，以最大程度地减少由于这些产品中有毒PA产生的jamo消费者的潜在健康风险。