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Epithelial Toll-like receptors and their role in gut homeostasis and disease.
Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology ( IF 45.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-02-26 , DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0261-4
Juan F Burgueño 1 , Maria T Abreu 1
Affiliation  

The human gastrointestinal tract is colonized by trillions of microorganisms that interact with the host to maintain structural and functional homeostasis. Acting as the interface between the site of the highest microbial burden in the human body and the richest immune compartment, a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells specializes in nutrient absorption, stratifies microorganisms to limit colonization of tissues and shapes the responses of the subepithelial immune cells. In this Review, we focus on the expression, regulation and functions of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the different intestinal epithelial lineages to analyse how epithelial recognition of bacteria participates in establishing homeostasis in the gut. In particular, we elaborate on the involvement of epithelial TLR signalling in controlling crypt dynamics, enhancing epithelial barrier integrity and promoting immune tolerance towards the gut microbiota. Furthermore, we comment on the regulatory mechanisms that fine-tune TLR-driven immune responses towards pathogens and revisit the role of TLRs in epithelial repair after injury. Finally, we discuss how dysregulation of epithelial TLRs can lead to the generation of dysbiosis, thereby increasing susceptibility to colitis and tumorigenesis.

中文翻译:

上皮Toll样受体及其在肠道稳态和疾病中的作用。

人类胃肠道被数以万亿计的微生物定居,这些微生物与宿主相互作用以维持结构和功能的稳态。作为人体中微生物负荷最高的部位与免疫力最丰富的部位之间的界面,单层肠上皮细胞专门吸收营养,对微生物进行分层以限制组织的定植并塑造上皮下免疫细胞的反应。在这篇综述中,我们着眼于Toll样受体(TLR)在不同肠上皮谱系中的表达,调控和功能,以分析细菌的上皮识别如何参与肠道内稳态的建立。特别是,我们详细阐述了上皮TLR信号传导在控制隐窝动力学中的作用,增强上皮屏障完整性并增强对肠道菌群的免疫耐受性。此外,我们对微调TLR驱动的对病原体的免疫反应的调节机制进行了评论,并重新探讨了TLR在损伤后上皮修复中的作用。最后,我们讨论了上皮TLR的失调如何导致营养不良的发生,从而增加了对结肠炎和肿瘤发生的敏感性。
更新日期:2020-02-26
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