Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer, despite improvements in the clinical trial and diagnosis, HCC still remains high mortality due to the 70% recurrence and lung metastasis after surgical resection. Exosomes are small membrane vesicles, which are shuttled from donor cells to recipient cells, contributing to the recruitment and reprogramming of constituents via an autocrine or paracrine fashion. HCC derived exosomes could redirect metastasis of tumor cells which lack the capacity to metastasize to a specific organ via generating pre-metastatic niche. These findings emphasize a practical and potentially feasible role of exosomes in the treatment of patients with HCC, both as a target and a vehicle for drug design. We herein summarize recent findings that implicate oncogenes and non-canonical signaling of HCC exosomes, as well as the impact of exosomal bioactive molecules in high recurrence induced by organ-specific metastasis. The aim of review is to illustrate the underlying mechanism of exosomes in tumor metastasis, immune evasion, and the potential application of prognostic biomarker in HCC process.

中文翻译：

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肝细胞癌外泌体在嗜有机性转移，复发和早期诊断中的应用。

肝细胞癌（HCC）是最常见的原发性肝癌，尽管临床试验和诊断有所改善，但由于手术切除后70％的复发和肺转移，HCC仍保持较高的死亡率。外来体是小的膜囊泡，其从供体细胞穿梭到受体细胞，通过自分泌或旁分泌的方式有助于成分的募集和重编程。HCC衍生的外来体可通过缺乏转移能力来转移转移至特定器官的肿瘤细胞的转移。这些发现强调了外泌体在肝癌患者治疗中的实际和潜在可行作用，既作为靶标又是药物设计的载体。我们在此总结了最近的发现，这些发现暗示了癌基因和HCC外泌体的非经典信号传导，以及外泌体生物活性分子在器官特异性转移诱导的高复发中的影响。综述的目的是阐明外泌体在肿瘤转移，免疫逃逸中的潜在机制，以及预后生物标志物在肝癌过程中的潜在应用。