Abstract Solid set canopy delivery systems (SSCDS) are novel ways of pesticide spray applications in modern high–density orchards and vineyards. Through our prior efforts, SSCDS variants have been tested and adjusted to provide optimal system configurations for spray application in high–density apple orchards and vineyards. This present study compared two prior optimized variants of an SSCDS comprising treatments with 1–tier and 2–tier of emitters/nozzles and an axial–fan airblast sprayer for spray performance in a modified vertical shoot position (VSP) vineyard. Such vineyards have the vine canes constricted under trellis wires, with the top of canes being loose and more sprawling. SSCDS 1–tier had a pair of full–circle emitters installed per vine at 76 cm above the cordon. For SSCDS 2–tier, two hollow–cone nozzles were installed per vine near the drip line at 45 cm above ground level in combination with additional emitters as in 1–tier. The sprayate was a fluorescent tracer dissolved in water at 500 ppm. Spray deposition and coverage were quantified in different canopy zones and on either side of leaf surfaces using mylar cards and water sensitive papers (WSPs) as samplers, respectively. The samplers were respectively analyzed using fluorometry and image processing techniques. Analysis of deposition data indicated statistically similar mean deposition for different treatments, however, uniformity of distribution was higher for the airblast sprayer treatment. Similar and uniform deposition on the mylar cards on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces was observed in all the treatments, indicating that emitters/nozzles placed within a canopy can deposit similar amounts of active ingredient as an airblast sprayer. Contrary to the deposition data, spray coverage was highest for the airblast sprayer (33.5 ± 2.8%) followed by SSCDS 1–tier (21.5 ± 2.9%) and 2–tier (19.9 ± 3.0%). Such differences could be because of the use of air-assist which was absent in SSCDS based application. In summary, SSCDS provided higher canopy deposition, however, the airblast sprayer provided higher spray coverage and better spray application uniformity. Prior biological efficacy studies in apple orchards have reported equivalent insect-pest control for SSCDS and airblast sprayer, notwithstanding the uniformity and heterogenous spray coverage. Therefore, future studies are warranted to collect season long pest management data in economically viable plot sizes in a vineyard.

中文翻译：

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葡萄园内实心冠层输送系统 (SSCDS) 和轴流式鼓风喷雾器的冠层内沉积比较

摘要 固体树冠输送系统 (SSCDS) 是现代高密度果园和葡萄园喷洒农药的新方法。通过我们之前的努力，SSCDS 变体已经过测试和调整，可为高密度苹果园和葡萄园的喷洒应用提供最佳系统配置。本研究比较了两种先前优化的 SSCDS 变体，包括用 1 层和 2 层发射器/喷嘴和轴流式鼓风喷雾器处理，以在改进的垂直射击位置 (VSP) 葡萄园中进行喷雾性能。这样的葡萄园的藤蔓藤条被网架线收紧，藤蔓的顶部松散且更加蔓延。SSCDS 1 层在警戒线上方 76 厘米的每株藤蔓上安装了一对全圆发射器。对于 SSCDS 2 层，在距地面 45 厘米的滴水线附近，每株葡萄藤安装了两个空心锥形喷嘴，并与 1 层中的附加发射器相结合。喷雾剂是溶解在水中的荧光示踪剂，浓度为 500 ppm。分别使用聚酯薄膜卡和水敏纸 (WSP) 作为采样器对不同冠层区域和叶面两侧的喷雾沉积和覆盖进行量化。使用荧光测定法和图像处理技术分别分析采样器。沉积数据的分析表明，不同处理的平均沉积在统计学上相似，但是，喷气式喷雾器处理的分布均匀性更高。在所有处理中都观察到类似且均匀的沉积在正面和背面叶片表面的聚酯薄膜卡上，表明放置在顶篷内的发射器/喷嘴可以沉积与空气喷射器相似数量的活性成分。与沉积数据相反，喷气式喷雾器的喷雾覆盖率最高 (33.5 ± 2.8%)，其次是 SSCDS 1 层 (21.5 ± 2.9%) 和 2 层 (19.9 ± 3.0%)。这种差异可能是因为使用了基于 SSCDS 的应用程序中没有的空气辅助。总之，SSCDS 提供了更高的冠层沉积，然而，鼓风喷雾器提供了更高的喷雾覆盖率和更好的喷雾均匀性。先前在苹果园进行的生物功效研究报告称，SSCDS 和喷气式喷雾器具有等效的害虫控制，尽管喷雾覆盖均匀且不均匀。所以，