Domestic demand-side response (DSR) involves having householders shift energy-consumptive behaviours forwards or backwards in time to avoid peak-demand periods. Time of Use tariffs, which vary the cost of energy depending on when it is used, are a proposed mechanism for DSR. However, we do not know which behaviours, if any, are amenable to being brought forward or postponed, nor what information people would need to do this. Here we presented people with hypothetical variable financial costs and, for the first time, carbon costs for future energy consumption. People's think-aloud decisions about when they would perform consumptive activities were qualitatively analysed. We show that non-daily high-consumption activities (e.g., ironing, vacuuming) are perceived as moveable in response to price changes or, notably, information about environmental consequences; but barriers to moving other activities, even in the face of higher costs or environmental harm, include household dynamics (difficulties negotiating consumption across cohabitants), social roles, community living (not wishing to disturb neighbours), lack of energy literacy and the routine nature of many tasks. This study provides a framework for understanding which behaviours might or might not be shifted and what guidance and information may be needed by householders if tariffs are to provide effective DSR.

国内需求侧响应（DSR）涉及让住户及时改变能源消费行为，以避开需求高峰期。提议的DSR机制是使用时间费率，它会根据使用时间的不同而改变能源成本。但是，我们不知道哪些行为（如果有的话）适合提出或推迟，也不清楚人们需要什么信息来做到这一点。在这里，我们向人们展示了假设的可变财务成本，并首次向人们展示了未来能源消耗的碳成本。定性地分析了人们关于何时进行消费活动的思想上的决定。我们发现，非日常的高消费活动（例如，熨烫，吸尘）被视为可响应价格变化而移动，或者特别是，有关环境后果的信息；但是，即使面对更高的成本或环境损害，进行其他活动的障碍也包括家庭动态（困难的同居者协商消费），社会角色，社区生活（不希望打扰邻居），缺乏能源素养和日常习惯许多任务。这项研究提供了一个框架，用于理解哪些行为可能会或可能不会发生转移，以及如果关税要提供有效的DSR，住户可能需要哪些指导和信息。缺乏能量素养和许多任务的日常性。这项研究提供了一个框架，用于理解哪些行为可能会或可能不会发生转移，以及如果关税要提供有效的DSR，住户可能需要哪些指导和信息。缺乏能量素养和许多任务的日常性。这项研究提供了一个框架，用于理解哪些行为可能会或可能不会发生转移，以及如果关税要提供有效的DSR，住户可能需要哪些指导和信息。