SUMMARYMumps is an acute viral infection characterized by inflammation of the parotid and other salivary glands. Persons with mumps are infectious from 2 days before through 5 days after parotitis onset, and transmission is through respiratory droplets. Despite the success of mumps vaccination programs in the United States and parts of Europe, a recent increase in outbreaks of mumps virus infections among fully vaccinated populations has been reported. Although the effectiveness of the mumps virus component of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is suboptimal, a range of contributing factors has led to these outbreaks occurring in high-vaccination-coverage settings, including the intensity of exposure, the possibility of vaccine strain mismatch, delayed implementation of control measures due to the timeliness of reporting, a lack of use of appropriate laboratory tests (such as reverse transcription-PCR), and time since last vaccination. The resurgence of mumps virus infections among previously vaccinated individuals over the past decade has prompted discussions about new strategies to mitigate the risk of future outbreaks. The decision to implement a third dose of the MMR vaccine in response to an outbreak should be considered in discussions with local public health agencies. Traditional public health measures, including the isolation of infectious persons, timely contact tracing, and effective communication and awareness education for the public and medical community, should remain key interventions for outbreak control. Maintaining high mumps vaccination coverage remains key to U.S. and global efforts to reduce disease incidence and rates of complications.

中文翻译：

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流行性腮腺炎：疫情，疫苗效力和基因组多样性的更新。

总结腮腺炎是一种急性病毒感染，其特征是腮腺和其他唾液腺发炎。腮腺炎患者从腮腺炎发作前2天到感染后5天具有传染性，并且通过呼吸道飞沫传播。尽管在美国和欧洲部分地区流行腮腺炎疫苗接种计划成功，但据报道，最近在完全接种疫苗的人群中流行腮腺炎病毒感染的情况有所增加。尽管麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹（MMR）疫苗的腮腺炎病毒成分的效果欠佳，但一系列促成因素导致这些暴发发生在高疫苗接种率的环境中，包括接触强度，疫苗菌株不匹配，由于报告的及时性，延误了控制措施的实施，自上次接种疫苗以来缺乏适当的实验室检查（例如逆转录PCR）和时间。在过去的十年中，以前接受过疫苗接种的人群中流行性腮腺炎病毒的流行再次引起了人们对减少未来爆发风险的新策略的讨论。在与当地公共卫生机构进行讨论时，应考虑做出应对暴发的第三次MMR疫苗的决定。传统的公共卫生措施，包括隔离感染者，及时进行接触者追踪以及对公众和医学界的有效沟通和意识教育，应仍然是控制疫情的主要干预措施。维持高腮腺炎疫苗接种率仍然是美国和全球减少疾病发生率和并发症发生率的关键。