Abstract Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) have recently received wide attention in the scientific community due to their extensive consumption for human health and consequent discharge to the environment. Release of PhACs into the environment, even in trace amounts, can cause serious environmental damage. This has become a major concern and their removal from water sources is a priority. Although a few PhACs are efficiently removed in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), others remain recalcitrant, and their release is causing damage. In this review, the current state of the art on the biological removal processes of sulfonamide sulfamethoxazole (SMX), the anticonvulsant carbamazepine (CBZ), and steroid estrogens 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) are discussed, along with their environmental impact. Other systems beyond activated sludge, such as membrane bioreactors, enzymatic membrane reactors, fungi treatments and hybrid systems are also becoming of major interest and are being evaluated for the removal of these compounds. Future perspectives are addressed.

中文翻译：

---

药物活性化合物的环境影响和生物去除过程：磺胺类药物、抗惊厥药和类固醇雌激素的特殊情况

摘要 药用活性化合物（PhACs）最近受到科学界的广泛关注，因为它们对人类健康的广泛消耗和随之而来的排放到环境中。PhACs 释放到环境中，即使是微量的，也会造成严重的环境破坏。这已成为一个主要问题，优先考虑将它们从水源中去除。尽管在废水处理厂 (WWTP) 中有效去除了一些 PhAC，但其他一些仍然顽固，它们的释放会造成损害。在这篇综述中，讨论了磺胺磺胺甲恶唑 (SMX)、抗惊厥药卡马西平 (CBZ) 和类固醇雌激素 17β-雌二醇 (E2) 和 17α-炔雌醇 (EE2) 的生物去除工艺的当前状态，以及他们的环境影响。除活性污泥外的其他系统，如膜生物反应器、酶膜反应器、真菌处理和混合系统也越来越受到关注，并正在评估这些化合物的去除效果。讨论了未来的观点。