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The duration of chemoprophylaxis against malaria after treatment with artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine and the effects of pfmdr1 86Y and pfcrt 76T: a meta-analysis of individual patient data.
BMC Medicine ( IF 7.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-02-25 , DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-1494-3
Michael T Bretscher 1 , Prabin Dahal 2, 3 , Jamie Griffin 4 , Kasia Stepniewska 2, 3 , Quique Bassat 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 , Elisabeth Baudin 10 , Umberto D'Alessandro 11 , Abdoulaye A Djimde 12 , Grant Dorsey 13 , Emmanuelle Espié 10, 14 , Bakary Fofana 12 , Raquel González 5, 6 , Elizabeth Juma 15 , Corine Karema 16, 17 , Estrella Lasry 18 , Bertrand Lell 19, 20 , Nines Lima 21 , Clara Menéndez 5, 6 , Ghyslain Mombo-Ngoma 20, 22, 23 , Clarissa Moreira 2, 3 , Frederic Nikiema 24 , Jean B Ouédraogo 24 , Sarah G Staedke 25 , Halidou Tinto 26 , Innocent Valea 26 , Adoke Yeka 27 , Azra C Ghani 1 , Philippe J Guerin 2, 3 , Lucy C Okell 1
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND The majority of Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases in Africa are treated with the artemisinin combination therapies artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and artesunate-amodiaquine (AS-AQ), with amodiaquine being also widely used as part of seasonal malaria chemoprevention programs combined with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. While artemisinin derivatives have a short half-life, lumefantrine and amodiaquine may give rise to differing durations of post-treatment prophylaxis, an important additional benefit to patients in higher transmission areas. METHODS We analyzed individual patient data from 8 clinical trials of AL versus AS-AQ in 12 sites in Africa (n = 4214 individuals). The time to PCR-confirmed reinfection after treatment was used to estimate the duration of post-treatment protection, accounting for variation in transmission intensity between settings using hidden semi-Markov models. Accelerated failure-time models were used to identify potential effects of covariates on the time to reinfection. The estimated duration of chemoprophylaxis was then used in a mathematical model of malaria transmission to determine the potential public health impact of each drug when used for first-line treatment. RESULTS We estimated a mean duration of post-treatment protection of 13.0 days (95% CI 10.7-15.7) for AL and 15.2 days (95% CI 12.8-18.4) for AS-AQ overall. However, the duration varied significantly between trial sites, from 8.7-18.6 days for AL and 10.2-18.7 days for AS-AQ. Significant predictors of time to reinfection in multivariable models were transmission intensity, age, drug, and parasite genotype. Where wild type pfmdr1 and pfcrt parasite genotypes predominated (<=20% 86Y and 76T mutants, respectively), AS-AQ provided ~ 2-fold longer protection than AL. Conversely, at a higher prevalence of 86Y and 76T mutant parasites (> 80%), AL provided up to 1.5-fold longer protection than AS-AQ. Our simulations found that these differences in the duration of protection could alter population-level clinical incidence of malaria by up to 14% in under-5-year-old children when the drugs were used as first-line treatments in areas with high, seasonal transmission. CONCLUSION Choosing a first-line treatment which provides optimal post-treatment prophylaxis given the local prevalence of resistance-associated markers could make a significant contribution to reducing malaria morbidity.

中文翻译:

青蒿琥酯-氨二喹和蒿甲醚-荧光粉治疗后对疟疾的化学预防持续时间以及pfmdr1 86Y和pfcrt 76T的作用:单个患者数据的荟萃分析。

背景技术非洲的大多数恶性疟原虫疟疾病例均采用青蒿素联合疗法蒿甲醚-氟芬太尼(AL)和青蒿琥酯-氨二喹(AS-AQ)进行治疗,氨二喹也被广泛用作季节性疟疾化学预防计划与磺胺多辛-乙胺嘧啶。尽管青蒿素衍生物的半衰期很短,但卢美特宁和阿莫地喹可能会导致治疗后预防的持续时间不同,这对较高传播地区的患者而言是一项重要的额外收益。方法我们分析了非洲12个地点(n = 4214个人)的8项AL与AS-AQ临床试验的个体患者数据。治疗后经过PCR确认再感染的时间用于估算治疗后保护的持续时间,使用隐藏的半马尔可夫模型考虑设置之间的传输强度变化。使用加速的故障时间模型来确定协变量对再感染时间的潜在影响。然后将化学预防的估计持续时间用于疟疾传播的数学模型中,以确定用于一线治疗的每种药物的潜在公共卫生影响。结果我们估计,AL的平均治疗后保护期为13.0天(95%CI 10.7-15.7),AS-AQ的平均治疗后保护期为15.2天(95%CI 12.8-18.4)。但是,试验地点的持续时间差异很大,从AL的8.7-18.6天到AS-AQ的10.2-18.7天。在多变量模型中,重新感染时间的重要预测因素是传播强度,年龄,药物和寄生虫基因型。在野生型pfmdr1和pfcrt寄生虫基因型占主导地位的地方(分别为<= 20%86Y和76T突变体),AS-AQ提供的保护时间比AL长约2倍。相反,在86Y和76T突变寄生虫(> 80%)的较高流行率下,AL提供的保护时间比AS-AQ长1.5倍。我们的模拟发现,当这些药物用作季节性高发地区的一线治疗药物时,这些保护时间的差异可能会使5岁以下儿童的疟疾在人群中的临床发病率改变多达14%。传播。结论鉴于耐药相关标志物的局部流行,选择一线治疗可提供最佳的治疗后预防措施,可能对降低疟疾发病率有重要贡献。分别),AS-AQ的保护时间比AL长约2倍。相反,在86Y和76T突变寄生虫(> 80%)的较高流行率下,AL提供的保护时间比AS-AQ长1.5倍。我们的模拟发现,当这些药物用作季节性高发地区的一线治疗药物时,这些保护时间的差异可能会使5岁以下儿童的疟疾在人群中的临床发病率改变多达14%。传播。结论鉴于耐药相关标志物的局部流行,选择一线治疗可提供最佳的治疗后预防措施,可能对降低疟疾发病率有重要贡献。分别),AS-AQ的保护时间比AL长约2倍。相反,在86Y和76T突变寄生虫(> 80%)的较高流行率下,AL提供的保护时间比AS-AQ长1.5倍。我们的模拟发现,当这些药物用作季节性高发地区的一线治疗药物时,这些保护时间的差异可能会使5岁以下儿童的疟疾在人群中的临床发病率改变多达14%。传播。结论鉴于耐药相关标志物的局部流行,选择一线治疗可提供最佳的治疗后预防措施,可能对降低疟疾发病率有重要贡献。保护时间比AS-AQ长5倍。我们的模拟发现,当这些药物用作季节性高发地区的一线治疗药物时,这些保护时间的差异可能会使5岁以下儿童的疟疾在人群中的临床发病率改变多达14%。传播。结论鉴于耐药相关标志物的局部流行,选择一线治疗可提供最佳的治疗后预防措施,可为降低疟疾发病率做出重要贡献。保护时间比AS-AQ长5倍。我们的模拟发现,当这些药物用作季节性高发地区的一线治疗药物时,这些保护时间的差异可能会使5岁以下儿童的疟疾在人群中的临床发病率改变多达14%。传播。结论鉴于耐药相关标志物的局部流行,选择一线治疗可提供最佳的治疗后预防措施,可能对降低疟疾发病率有重要贡献。
更新日期:2020-02-25
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