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Allelopathic and intraspecific growth competition effects establishment of direct sown Miscanthus.
Global Change Biology Bioenergy ( IF 5.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-30 , DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12680 Danny Awty-Carroll 1 , Barbara Hauck 1 , John Clifton-Brown 1 , Paul Robson 1
Global Change Biology Bioenergy ( IF 5.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-30 , DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12680 Danny Awty-Carroll 1 , Barbara Hauck 1 , John Clifton-Brown 1 , Paul Robson 1
Affiliation
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High yielding perennial crops are being developed as a sustainable feedstock for renewable energy and bioproducts. Miscanthus is a leading biomass crop, but most plantations comprise a sterile hybrid Miscanthus × giganteus that is clonally propagated. To develop new varieties across large areas, rhizome cloning is inefficient, time consuming and expensive. Alternative approaches use seed, and in temperate regions, this has been successfully applied by raising seedlings as plug plants in glasshouses before transfer to the field. Direct sowing has yet to be proven commercially viable because poor germination has resulted in inconsistent stand establishment. Oversowing using seed clusters is a common approach to improve the establishment of crops and it was hypothesized that such an approach will improve uniformity of density in early Miscanthus stands and thereby improve yield. Sowing multiple seeds creates potential for new interactions, and we identified at least two inhibitory mechanisms related to seed numbers. Germinating seed produced allelopathic effects on nearby seed thereby inhibiting plant growth. The inhibitory effect of Miscanthus seed on germination percentages was related to seed number within clusters. An extract from germinating Miscanthus seed inhibited the germination of Miscanthus seed. The extract was analysed by HPLC, which identified a complex mixture including several known allelopathic compounds including proanthocyanidins and vanillic acid. There was also evidence of root competition in soil in a controlled environment experiment. When the experiment on competition was replicated at field scale, the establishment rates were much lower and there was evidence of shoot competition. We conclude that the numbers of seed required to ensure an acceptable level of establishment in the field may be economically impractical until other agronomic techniques are included either to reduce the inhibitory effects of higher seed numbers or to reduce oversowing rates.
中文翻译：
化感作用和种内生长竞争影响直播芒草的建立。
高产多年生作物正在被开发作为可再生能源和生物产品的可持续原料。芒草是一种主要的生物质作物，但大多数种植园都包含无性繁殖的不育杂种芒草× giganteus 。为了大面积开发新品种，根茎克隆效率低下、耗时且昂贵。替代方法使用种子，在温带地区，这种方法已成功应用，方法是在温室中将幼苗作为穴盘植物培育，然后再转移到田间。直接播种尚未被证明具有商业可行性，因为发芽不良会导致林分建立不一致。使用种子簇进行超播是改善作物生长的常见方法，并且假设这种方法将改善早期芒草林的密度均匀性，从而提高产量。播种多粒种子创造了新相互作用的潜力，我们确定了至少两种与种子数量相关的抑制机制。发芽的种子对附近的种子产生化感作用，从而抑制植物生长。芒草种子对发芽率的抑制作用与簇内种子数有关。发芽芒草种子的提取物抑制芒草种子的发芽。通过 HPLC 分析提取物，鉴定出一种复杂的混合物，其中包括几种已知的化感作用化合物，包括原花青素和香草酸。在受控环境实验中也有证据表明土壤中存在根系竞争。 当竞争实验在大田规模上重复时，定植率要低得多，并且有芽竞争的证据。我们的结论是，确保田间定植达到可接受水平所需的种子数量在经济上可能是不切实际的，除非采用其他农艺技术来减少较高种子数量的抑制作用或降低超播率。
更新日期：2020-03-30
中文翻译：
化感作用和种内生长竞争影响直播芒草的建立。
高产多年生作物正在被开发作为可再生能源和生物产品的可持续原料。芒草是一种主要的生物质作物，但大多数种植园都包含无性繁殖的不育杂种芒草× giganteus 。为了大面积开发新品种，根茎克隆效率低下、耗时且昂贵。替代方法使用种子，在温带地区，这种方法已成功应用，方法是在温室中将幼苗作为穴盘植物培育，然后再转移到田间。直接播种尚未被证明具有商业可行性，因为发芽不良会导致林分建立不一致。使用种子簇进行超播是改善作物生长的常见方法，并且假设这种方法将改善早期芒草林的密度均匀性，从而提高产量。播种多粒种子创造了新相互作用的潜力，我们确定了至少两种与种子数量相关的抑制机制。发芽的种子对附近的种子产生化感作用，从而抑制植物生长。芒草种子对发芽率的抑制作用与簇内种子数有关。发芽芒草种子的提取物抑制芒草种子的发芽。通过 HPLC 分析提取物，鉴定出一种复杂的混合物，其中包括几种已知的化感作用化合物，包括原花青素和香草酸。在受控环境实验中也有证据表明土壤中存在根系竞争。 当竞争实验在大田规模上重复时，定植率要低得多，并且有芽竞争的证据。我们的结论是，确保田间定植达到可接受水平所需的种子数量在经济上可能是不切实际的，除非采用其他农艺技术来减少较高种子数量的抑制作用或降低超播率。
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