A fully integrated 76–81-GHz frequency-modulated, continuous-wave (FMCW) radar transceiver (TRX) in a 65-nm CMOS is presented. Two transmitters (TXs) and three receivers (RXs) are integrated for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processing. A 38.5-GHz mixed-mode phase-locked loop (PLL) with reconfigurable loop bandwidth and a frequency doubling scheme are employed to generate the reconfigurable FMCW chirp waveforms. The coarse-to-fine-segmented current DAC is utilized to support sawtooth FMCW chirps with fast frequency ramping-down capability, and the delay lock loop (DLL)-based delay time calibration is used to improve the linearity of the embedded 2-D Vernier time-to-digital converter (TDC). Passive voltage-mode down-conversion is utilized to improve the RX linearity against TX leakage and short-range interference. A bottom-switching Gilbert-type modulator in the TX is proposed to realize the bi-phase modulation, and the magnetically coupled resonator technique is used to effectively expand the link bandwidth. The measurement results show that the FMCW TRX could generate reconfigurable chirps with the bandwidth from 250 MHz to 4 GHz and the period from 30 $\mu \text{s}$ to 10 ms. The root-mean-square (rms) frequency error is 110 kHz for a sawtooth chirp with 4-GHz bandwidth and 300- $\mu \text{s}$ period. The TX maximum output power is 13.4 dBm and is adjustable within 3 dB by reconfiguring its low dropout regulator (LDO) voltage. The RX achieves a 15.3-dB noise figure at 600-kHz IF and a −8.5-dBm RF input-referred P1dB. The overall power consumption is 921 mW, with two TXs and three RXs powered ON. Based on the proposed TRX chip, prototype hardware and a data process algorithm are developed. Real-time experimental results show that the distance and the angular resolution of the MIMO radar achieved are 5 cm and 9°, respectively.

中文翻译：

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基于混合模式 PLL 啁啾发生器的 CMOS 76-81-GHz 2-TX 3-RX FMCW 雷达收发器

介绍了一种采用 65 纳米 CMOS 的完全集成的 76–81 GHz 调频连续波 (FMCW) 雷达收发器 (TRX)。两个发射器 (TX) 和三个接收器 (RX) 被集成用于多输入多输出 (MIMO) 处理。采用具有可重构环路带宽和倍频方案的 38.5GHz 混合模式锁相环 (PLL) 来生成可重构 FMCW 线性调频波形。粗到细分段电流 DAC 用于支持具有快速频率斜坡下降能力的锯齿 FMCW 啁啾，并使用基于延迟锁定环 (DLL) 的延迟时间校准来提高嵌入式二维的线性度游标时间数字转换器 (TDC)。无源电压模式下变频用于提高 RX 线性度以防止 TX 泄漏和短程干扰。提出在TX中采用底部开关吉尔伯特型调制器实现双相调制，并利用磁耦合谐振器技术有效扩展链路带宽。测量结果表明，FMCW TRX 可以产生带宽从 250 MHz 到 4 GHz，周期从 30 $\mu \text{s}$ 到 10 ms 的可重构啁啾。对于具有 4 GHz 带宽和 300- $\mu \text{s}$ 周期的锯齿啁啾，均方根 (rms) 频率误差为 110 kHz。TX 最大输出功率为 13.4 dBm，可通过重新配置其低压差稳压器 (LDO) 电压在 3 dB 内进行调节。RX 在 600-kHz IF 和 -8.5-dBm RF 输入参考 P1dB 下实现了 15.3-dB 噪声系数。总功耗为 921 mW，两个 TX 和三个 RX 通电。基于提出的 TRX 芯片，开发了原型硬件和数据处理算法。实时实验结果表明，MIMO雷达实现的距离和角分辨率分别为5 cm和9°。