BACKGROUND Elevated temperature as a result of global climate warming, either in form of sudden heatwave (heat shock) or prolonged warming, has profound effects on the growth and development of plants. However, how plants differentially respond to these two forms of elevated temperatures is largely unknown. Here we have therefore performed a comprehensive comparison of multi-level responses of Arabidopsis leaves to heat shock and prolonged warming. RESULTS The plant responded to prolonged warming through decreased stomatal conductance, and to heat shock by increased transpiration. In carbon metabolism, the glycolysis pathway was enhanced while the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was inhibited under prolonged warming, and heat shock significantly limited the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl coenzyme A. The cellular concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were increased under both conditions but exhibited a higher induction under heat shock. Interestingly, the transcription factors, class A1 heat shock factors (HSFA1s) and dehydration responsive element-binding proteins (DREBs), were up-regulated under heat shock, whereas with prolonged warming, other abiotic stress response pathways, especially basic leucine zipper factors (bZIPs) were up-regulated instead. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that Arabidopsis exhibits different response patterns under heat shock versus prolonged warming, and plants employ distinctly different response strategies to combat these two types of thermal stress.

中文翻译：

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长时间升温和热激下拟南芥叶片的差异生理，转录组和代谢组学响应。

背景技术由于全球气候变暖导致的温度升高，以突然的热浪（热冲击）或长时间变暖的形式，对植物的生长和发育产生了深远的影响。但是，植物如何对这两种升高的温度有不同的反应是未知的。因此，在这里我们对拟南芥叶片对热激和长时间变暖的多级响应进行了全面的比较。结果该植物通过降低气孔导度来应对长期变暖，并通过增加蒸腾作用来应对热休克。在碳代谢中，在长期升温下糖酵解途径得到增强，而三羧酸（TCA）循环受到抑制，并且热激显着限制了丙酮酸向乙酰辅酶A的转化。在两种条件下，过氧化氢（H2O2）的细胞浓度和抗氧化酶的活性均增加，但在热激下表现出更高的诱导作用。有趣的是，转录因子，A1类热休克因子（HSFA1s）和脱水反应元件结合蛋白（DREBs）在热休克条件下被上调，而随着时间的延长，其他非生物胁迫反应途径，尤其是基本的亮氨酸拉链因子（ bZIPs）被上调了。结论我们的发现表明，拟南芥在热激和长时间升温下表现出不同的响应模式，植物采用了截然不同的响应策略来对抗这两种类型的热胁迫。