Abstract Contamination and industrial development are among the reasons for water quality deterioration beyond treatability by conventional processes. Unfortunately, conventional water and wastewater treatment technologies are not always capable of handling industrial wastewaters, and hence more advanced treatment technologies are required. The new trend of osmotically driven membrane technologies has demonstrated an exceptional efficiency for water purification and treatment including seawater desalination. Compared to pressure-driven membrane processes, forward osmosis (FO) technology, as a standalone process, is more energy-efficient, and less prone to membrane fouling than its predecessor reverse osmosis (RO) technology. However, forward osmosis suffers a severe concentration polarization that is acting on both sides of the membrane and results in a sharp decline in water flux. A thinner support layer has been recommended to lessen the concentration polarization impact in the FO process but a very thin support layer compromises the membrane mechanical strength. Recently, researchers have applied different carbon-based nanomaterials to enhance water flux, fouling propensity, and mechanical strength of the FO membrane. This work reviews advancement in the FO membrane fabrication using carbon nanomaterials to improve the membrane characteristics. Despite a large number of laboratory experiments, carbon-based nanomaterials in the FO membrane are still at the early-stage of laboratory investigation and no commercial products are available yet. The study also reviews the main challenges that limit the application of carbon-based nanomaterials for FO membranes.

中文翻译：

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使用碳基纳米材料的正向渗透膜的最新进展

摘要 污染和工业发展是导致水质恶化超出常规工艺处理能力的原因之一。不幸的是，传统的水和废水处理技术并不总是能够处理工业废水，因此需要更先进的处理技术。渗透驱动膜技术的新趋势已经证明了水净化和处理（包括海水淡化）的卓越效率。与压力驱动的膜工艺相比，正渗透 (FO) 技术作为一个独立的工艺，比其前身反渗透 (RO) 技术更节能，更不容易发生膜污染。然而，正向渗透遭受严重的浓差极化，作用于膜的两侧，导致水通量急剧下降。建议使用较薄的支撑层以减少 FO 过程中的浓差极化影响，但非常薄的支撑层会损害膜的机械强度。最近，研究人员应用不同的碳基纳米材料来提高 FO 膜的水通量、污染倾向和机械强度。这项工作回顾了使用碳纳米材料改善膜特性的 FO 膜制造的进展。尽管进行了大量的实验室实验，但 FO 膜中的碳基纳米材料仍处于实验室研究的早期阶段，尚无商业产品可用。