The efficient use of lignocellulosic biomass for the production of advanced fuels and bio‐based materials has become increasingly relevant. In the EU, regulatory developments are stimulating the mobilization and production of bio‐based chemicals / materials and biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. We used an attributional life‐cycle assessment approach based on region‐specific characteristics to determine the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) performance of different supply‐chain configurations with internationally sourced lignocellulosic biomass (stem wood, forest residues, sawmill residues, and sugarcane bagasse) from the USA, the Baltic States (BS), and Brazil (BR) for the simultaneous production of lactide and ethanol in a biorefinery located in the Netherlands (NL). The results are compared with a biorefinery that uses locally cultivated sugar beets. We also compared GHG emissions savings from the supply‐chain configurations with the minimum GHG saving requirements in the revised Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) and relevant fossil‐based counterparts for bio‐based materials. The GHG emissions ‘from cradle to factory gate’ vary between 692 g CO2eq/kglactide (sawmill residues pellets from the BS) and 1002 g CO2eq/kglactide (sawmill chips from the USA) for lactide and between 15 g CO2eq/MJethanol (sawmill residues pellets from the BS) and 28 g CO2eq/MJethanol (bagasse pellets from BR) for ethanol. Upstream GHG emissions from the conversion routes have a relatively small impact compared with biomass conversion to lactide and ethanol. The use of woody biomass yields better GHG emissions performance for the conversion system than sugarcane bagasse or sugar beets as result of the higher lignin content that is used to generate electricity and heat internally for the system. Only the sugar beet from the NL production route is able to comply with RED II GHG savings criteria (65% by 2021). The GHG savings from polylactide acid (a derivate of lactic acid) are high and vary depending on choice of fossil‐based counterpart, with the highest savings reported when compared to polystyrene (PS). These high savings are mostly attributed to the negative emission credit from the embedded carbon in the materials. Several improvement options along the conversion routes were explored. Efficient feedstock supply chains (including pelletization and large ocean vessels) also allow for long‐distance transportation of biomass and conversion in large‐scale biorefineries close to demand centers with similar GHG performance to biorefineries with a local biomass supply.

中文翻译：

---

具有国际生物质供应的多输出生物精炼厂的碳足迹评估：荷兰的案例研究

有效利用木质纤维素生物质生产先进燃料和生物基材料变得越来越重要。在欧盟，监管发展正在刺激木质纤维素生物质中生物基化学品/材料和生物燃料的动员和生产。我们使用基于区域特定特征的归因生命周期评估方法来确定不同供应链配置的温室气体排放 (GHG) 性能与国际采购的木质纤维素生物质（茎木材、森林残留物、锯木厂残留物和甘蔗渣）来自美国、波罗的海国家 (BS) 和巴西 (BR)，用于在位于荷兰 (NL) 的生物精炼厂同时生产丙交酯和乙醇。结果与使用当地种植的甜菜的生物精炼厂进行了比较。我们还将供应链配置的温室气体减排量与修订后的可再生能源指令 (RED II) 和相关的生物基材料的化石基对应物的最低温室气体减排要求进行了比较。“从摇篮到工厂大门”的温室气体排放量在 692 克 CO2eq/kglactide（来自 BS 的锯木厂残留颗粒）和 1002 g CO2eq/kglactide（来自美国的锯木厂碎片）之间变化，丙交酯在 15 g CO2eq/MJ乙醇（锯木厂残留物）之间变化来自 BS 的颗粒）和 28 g CO2eq/MJ乙醇（来自 BR 的甘蔗渣颗粒）用于乙醇。与生物质转化为丙交酯和乙醇相比，转化路线的上游温室气体排放的影响相对较小。木质生物质的使用为转化系统产生比甘蔗渣或甜菜更好的温室气体排放性能，因为木质素含量更高，用于为系统在内部发电和供热。只有来自 NL 生产路线的甜菜才能符合 RED II 温室气体减排标准（到 2021 年达到 65%）。聚丙交酯酸（乳酸的衍生物）的温室气体减排量很高，并且因化石基对应物的选择而异，与聚苯乙烯 (PS) 相比，所报告的减排量最高。这些高节省主要归因于材料中嵌入的碳的负排放信用。沿转换路线探索了几个改进方案。