This paper presents a hierarchical-hybrid architecture for Volt/Var control of distribution grids in the presence of high penetration of distributed generators (DGs). The architecture includes three layers with specific operational goals associated with each layer based on data resolution, communication network, and control device response time. The top layer carries out central optimization and seeks to minimize power losses via optimal 15-minute scheduling of load tap changers (LTCs), voltage regulators (VRs), and capacitor banks (CBs), and DGs. The middle layer ensures voltage regulation using a distributed approach for reactive power provisioning by fast response DGs. The bottom layer carries out local decision making that enlists edge intelligence to operate LTCs, VRs and CBs to cope with fast and real-time changes in DGs and loads. The top layer generates overall references for the lower layers optimized over a 24-hour horizon, updated at 15-minute intervals, which are then suitably corrected at faster time-scales of seconds in the middle and bottom layers. Appropriate coordination is introduced between each layer so as to meet combined goals of optimization and accommodation of load and generation uncertainties in near real-time. The proposed method is validated using a modified IEEE 34 bus test feeder and at 80% penetration of DGs.

中文翻译：

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配电网电压/无功控制的分层混合架构

本文提出了一种分层混合架构，用于在分布式发电机 (DG) 的高渗透率下对配电网进行电压/无功控制。该架构包括三层，具有与基于数据分辨率、通信网络和控制设备响应时间的每一层相关联的特定操作目标。顶层执行集中优化，并通过负载分接变换器 (LTC)、稳压器 (VR)、电容器组 (CB) 和 DG 的 15 分钟最佳调度来寻求最小化功率损耗。中间层使用分布式方法通过快速响应 DG 提供无功功率来确保电压调节。底层执行本地决策，利用边缘智能来操作 LTC、VR 和 CB，以应对 DG 和负载的快速实时变化。顶层生成在 24 小时范围内优化的较低层的整体参考，每 15 分钟更新一次，然后在中间层和底层以更快的秒级时间尺度进行适当校正。在每一层之间引入适当的协调，以便近乎实时地满足优化和适应负荷和发电不确定性的组合目标。使用改进的 IEEE 34 总线测试馈线和 80% 的 DG 渗透率验证了所提出的方法。在每一层之间引入适当的协调，以便近乎实时地满足优化和适应负荷和发电不确定性的组合目标。使用改进的 IEEE 34 总线测试馈线和 80% 的 DG 渗透率验证了所提出的方法。在每一层之间引入适当的协调，以便近乎实时地满足优化和适应负荷和发电不确定性的组合目标。使用改进的 IEEE 34 总线测试馈线和 80% 的 DG 渗透率验证了所提出的方法。