This paper proposes a comprehensive load flow algorithm for balanced and unbalanced distribution systems considering the effect of a multi-grounded neutral conductor. The method is based on the implicit ZBUS method presenting fast convergence and robustness regardless of the R/X ratio of the lines. Its distinct feature is its ability to handle all network configurations, including highly meshed distribution systems that operate in either islanded or grid-connected mode. Furthermore, an algorithm is proposed for overcoming the limitation of implicit ZBUS method to treat PV nodes. Additionally, the concept of virtual impedance is incorporated into the proposed algorithm to accurately simulate the behavior of distributed generators (DGs) during the islanded operation. Numerical simulations are conducted in 33-Bus and 38-Bus balanced networks as well as in 25-Bus and 30-Bus unbalanced networks to verify the validity of the proposed load flow algorithm.

中文翻译：

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并网和孤岛交流微电网的综合潮流方法

本文提出了一种考虑多接地中性导体影响的平衡和不平衡配电系统的综合潮流算法。该方法基于隐式 ZBUS 方法，无论线路的 R/X 比如何，都具有快速收敛和鲁棒性。其显着特点是能够处理所有网络配置，包括在孤岛或并网模式下运行的高度网状配电系统。此外，提出了一种算法来克服隐式ZBUS方法处理PV节点的局限性。此外，虚拟阻抗的概念被纳入所提出的算法中，以准确模拟孤岛运行期间分布式发电机 (DG) 的行为。