The interdependence of different energy forms in multiple energy systems (MESs) could leverage their synergies to reduce carbon emissions. However, such synergies cannot be exploited without the right incentives. This paper studies the lowcarbon operation of MESs by coordinating the transmission-level and distribution-level via the energy-carbon integrated prices. Energy prices are decided by locational marginal pricing principles in the transmission-level MES. At the same time, the carbon emissions of different energy systems are uniformly priced using a carbon emission flow (CEF) model based on the consumers' actual emission contributions by tracing the embedded flow of CO ₂ . Various distribution-level MESs modeled by energy hubs (EHs) are independently operated in response to the variation in the integrated prices. The whole bi-level model formulates an equilibrium problem and is solved iteratively. Case studies based on two MESs at different scales illustrate the effectiveness and benefit of the proposed carbon pricing method in reducing carbon emissions more efficiently than current methods.

中文翻译：

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基于能源碳综合价格的多种能源系统低碳运行

多种能源系统（MES）中不同能源形式的相互依赖性可以利用它们的协同作用来减少碳排放。但是，如果没有正确的激励措施，就无法利用这种协同作用。本文通过能源－碳综合价格协调传输水平和分配水平，研究了MES的低碳运行。能源价格由传输级MES中的位置边际定价原则决定。同时，根据消费者的实际排放贡献，通过追踪CO ₂的内含流量，使用碳排放流量（CEF）模型对不同能源系统的碳排放进行统一定价。 。响应于综合价格的变化，由能源枢纽（EH）建模的各种分销级MES均独立运行。整个双层模型提出了一个平衡问题，并进行了迭代求解。基于两个不同规模的MES的案例研究表明，与现有方法相比，拟议的碳定价方法在更有效地减少碳排放方面的有效性和益处。