The pervasive power of mycorrhizas Associations between plants and symbiotic fungi—mycorrhizas—are ubiquitous in plant communities. Tedersoo et al. review recent developments in mycorrhizal research, revealing the complex and pervasive nature of this largely invisible interaction. Complex networks of mycorrhizal hyphae connect the root systems of individual plants, regulating nutrient flow and competitive interactions between and within plant species, controlling seedling establishment, and ultimately influencing all aspects of plant community ecology and coexistence. Science, this issue p. eaba1223 BACKGROUND All vascular plants associate with fungi and bacteria—the microbiome. Root associations with mycorrhizal fungi benefit most plants by enhancing their nutrient access and stress tolerance. Mycorrhizal fungi also mediate plant interactions with other soil microbes, including pathogens and mycorrhizosphere mutualists that produce vitamins and protect against antagonists. Through these functions, mycorrhizal root symbionts influence the belowground traits of plants, regulate plant-plant interactions, and alter ecosystem processes. Extensive mycorrhizal networks physically connect conspecific and heterospecific plant individuals belowground, mediating nutrient transfer and transmission of phytochemical signals. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), ectomycorrhiza (EcM), ericoid mycorrhiza (ErM), and orchid mycorrhiza (OM) have a distinct evolutionary history, anatomy, and ecology, thereby differently affecting plant protection, nutrient acquisition, and belowground C and nutrient cycling. ADVANCES Mycorrhizal fungi are commonly the key determinants of plant population and community dynamics, with several principal differences among mycorrhizal types. We synthesize current knowledge about mycorrhizal effects on plant-plant interactions and ecological specialization. We conclude that mycorrhizal associations per se and fungal diversity and mycorrhizal types directly or indirectly affect plant dispersal and competition that shape plant populations and communities, and regulate plant coexistence and diversity at a local scale. Among AM plants, which represent nearly 80% of plant species globally, mycorrhizal associations and belowground hyphal networks tend to intensify intraspecific competition and alleviate interspecific competition by promoting the performance of inferior competitors. In AM systems, fungal diversity enhances plant diversity and vice versa, by providing species-specific benefits and suppressing superior competitors. Compared with other mycorrhizal types, EcM fungi provide substantial protection against soil-borne pathogens by ensheathing feeder roots and acidifying soil. Pathogen suppression leads to positive plant-soil feedback that promotes seedling establishment near adult trees, which can result in monodominant plant communities with a low diversity of various organism groups. Orchids produce millions of dust seeds with high dispersal potential to encounter compatible OM fungal partners, which nourish plants, at least in the seedling stage. Species of Ericaceae achieve competitive advantage and large population densities by shedding allelopathic litter and establishing ErM root symbiosis with selected groups of ubiquitous humus saprotrophs that have evolved efficient enzymes to access nutrients in recalcitrant organic compounds in strongly acidic environments. OUTLOOK Increasing evidence suggests that mycorrhizal fungi drive plant population biology and community ecology by affecting dispersal and establishment and regulating plant coexistence. Plant-fungal mycorrhizal associations per se and interlinking hyphal networks synergistically determine the functional traits and hence autecology of host plants, which is best reflected in the specialized nutrition and dispersal of orchids. Habitat patches dominated by either positive plant-soil feedback near EcM plants or negative conspecific feedback near AM plants may generate distinct regeneration patches for different plant species. Furthermore, niche differentiation both within and among mycorrhizal types enhances coexistence by leveraging interspecific competition through different rooting depths, foraging strategies, and soil nutrient partitioning. We still lack critical information about the mechanistic basis of several processes, such as interplant nutrient transfer through mycelial networks and the principles of carbon-to-nutrient exchange and trading in the mycorrhizal interface, as well as kin recognition and promotion. Understanding these processes will enable us to improve predictions about the impacts of global change and pollution on vegetation and soil processes and to elaborate technologies to improve yields in agriculture and forestry. Scheme indicating how mycorrhizal types (circles) differ in their effects on plant population- and community-level processes (squares). Blue lines, positive effects; red lines, negative effects; green lines, overlap of plant taxa among mycorrhizal types; pink lines, overlap of fungal taxa among mycorrhizal types. Line breadth indicates relative effect strength. ILLUSTRATION: SIIRI JÜRIS Mycorrhizal fungi provide plants with a range of benefits, including mineral nutrients and protection from stress and pathogens. Here we synthesize current information about how the presence and type of mycorrhizal association affect plant communities. We argue that mycorrhizal fungi regulate seedling establishment and species coexistence through stabilizing and equalizing mechanisms such as soil nutrient partitioning, feedback to soil antagonists, differential mycorrhizal benefits, and nutrient trade. Mycorrhizal fungi have strong effects on plant population and community biology, with mycorrhizal type–specific effects on seed dispersal, seedling establishment, and soil niche differentiation, as well as interspecific and intraspecific competition and hence plant diversity.

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菌根关联如何驱动植物种群和群落生物学

菌根的普遍力量 植物与共生真菌（菌根）之间的关联在植物群落中无处不在。泰德苏等人。回顾菌根研究的最新进展，揭示这种很大程度上不可见的相互作用的复杂性和普遍性。菌根菌丝的复杂网络连接单个植物的根系，调节植物物种之间和内部的养分流动和竞争相互作用，控制幼苗的建立，并最终影响植物群落生态和共存的各个方面。科学，这个问题 p。eaba1223 背景 所有维管植物都与真菌和细菌——微生物组有关。根系与菌根真菌的结合通过增强植物的营养获取和胁迫耐受性使大多数植物受益。菌根真菌还介导植物与其他土壤微生物的相互作用，包括病原体和产生维生素并防止拮抗剂的菌根圈共生菌。通过这些功能，菌根根共生体影响植物的地下性状，调节植物与植物的相互作用，并改变生态系统过程。广泛的菌根网络将地下的同种和异种植物个体物理连接起来，介导养分转移和植物化学信号的传递。丛枝菌根 (AM)、外生菌根 (EcM)、香豆菌根 (ErM) 和兰花菌根 (OM) 具有不同的进化历史、解剖学和生态学，从而不同地影响植物保护、养分获取以及地下碳和养分循环。进展 菌根真菌通常是植物种群和群落动态的关键决定因素，在菌根类型之间存在几个主要差异。我们综合了目前关于菌根对植物-植物相互作用和生态专业化影响的知识。我们得出结论，菌根关联本身以及真菌多样性和菌根类型直接或间接影响植物的传播和竞争，从而塑造植物种群和群落，并在局部范围内调节植物的共存和多样性。在代表全球近 80% 植物物种的 AM 植物中，菌根联合和地下菌丝网络倾向于通过促进劣势竞争者的表现来加剧种内竞争并减轻种间竞争。在 AM 系统中，真菌多样性通过提供特定物种的益处和抑制优势竞争者来增强植物多样性，反之亦然。与其他菌根类型相比，EcM 真菌通过包裹饲养根和酸化土壤，对土壤传播的病原体提供了实质性的保护。病原体抑制导致积极的植物 - 土壤反馈，促进成年树附近的幼苗建立，这可能导致单一优势植物群落，各种生物群的多样性较低。兰花产生数百万颗具有高传播潜力的尘埃种子，以遇到相容的 OM 真菌伙伴，至少在幼苗阶段滋养植物。杜鹃花科物种通过脱落化感性凋落物并与选定的无处不在的腐殖质腐生菌群建立 ErM 根共生，这些腐殖质已经进化出有效的酶来获取强酸性环境中顽固的有机化合物中的养分，从而获得竞争优势和大的种群密度。前景越来越多的证据表明，菌根真菌通过影响传播和建立以及调节植物共存来推动植物种群生物学和群落生态学。植物-真菌菌根联合本身和相互连接的菌丝网络协同决定了寄主植物的功能性状和自产学，这在兰花的专门营养和传播中得到了最好的体现。由 EcM 植物附近的正植物土壤反馈或 AM 植物附近的负同种反馈主导的栖息地斑块可能会为不同的植物物种产生不同的再生斑块。此外，菌根类型内部和之间的生态位分化通过利用不同生根深度、觅食策略和土壤养分分配的种间竞争来增强共存。我们仍然缺乏关于几个过程的机制基础的关键信息，例如通过菌丝网络进行的植物间养分转移和菌根界面中碳-养分交换和交易的原则，以及亲属识别和促进。了解这些过程将使我们能够更好地预测全球变化和污染对植被和土壤过程的影响，并开发出提高农业和林业产量的技术。表明菌根类型（圆圈）对植物种群和群落水平过程（方块）的影响有何不同的方案。蓝线，积极影响；红线，负面影响；绿线，菌根类型之间植物分类群的重叠；粉红色线条，菌根类型之间真菌分类群的重叠。线宽表示相对效应强度。插图：SIIRI JÜRIS 菌根真菌为植物提供了一系列益处，包括矿物营养和保护免受压力和病原体的侵害。在这里，我们综合了有关菌根关联的存在和类型如何影响植物群落的当前信息。我们认为，菌根真菌通过稳定和均衡机制，如土壤养分分配、对土壤拮抗剂的反馈、不同的菌根效益和养分贸易来调节幼苗建立和物种共存。菌根真菌对植物种群和群落生物学有很强的影响，对种子传播、幼苗建立和土壤生态位分化以及种间和种内竞争以及植物多样性具有菌根类型特异性影响。对土壤拮抗剂的反馈、不同的菌根效益和养分贸易。菌根真菌对植物种群和群落生物学有很强的影响，对种子传播、幼苗建立和土壤生态位分化以及种间和种内竞争以及植物多样性具有菌根类型特异性影响。对土壤拮抗剂的反馈、不同的菌根效益和养分贸易。菌根真菌对植物种群和群落生物学有很强的影响，对种子传播、幼苗建立和土壤生态位分化以及种间和种内竞争以及植物多样性具有菌根类型特异性影响。