Abstract Managing produced water from oil and gas wells constitutes a significant portion of the costs of operating a well. In this work, we have designed two different centralized water treatment facilities capable of managing produced water from oil and gas wells in Texas and Louisiana, both of which convert the produced water into the following valuable resources: ten-pound brine and fresh water. The two main designs each use commercially available technology with varying levels of establishment in treating produced water. Both treatment processes remove oil and grease and suspended solids, reduce the divalent ion concentrations, and concentrate the brines to a near-saturation state. The baseline design uses chemical precipitation to remove the divalent ions to meet the reuse specifications, whereas the advanced design uses nanofiltration (NF) membranes to separate divalent ions and uses reverse osmosis (RO) membranes to partially concentrate the brine. Both models use mechanical vapor recompression to concentrate the brine up to NaCl saturation. The baseline process is shown to be cost-effective for low-hardness brines. In the case of high hardness, the chemical precipitation step is cost-prohibitive. We find that NF membranes are a promising alternative to chemical precipitation as a means of separating monovalent and divalent ions.

中文翻译：

---

油气采出水转化为有价值资源的技术经济分析

摘要 管理油气井的采出水构成了油井运营成本的很大一部分。在这项工作中，我们设计了两种不同的集中式水处理设施，能够管理德克萨斯州和路易斯安那州油气井的产出水，两者都将产出水转化为以下宝贵资源：10 磅盐水和淡水。两种主要设计均使用市售技术，在处理采出水方面具有不同的建立水平。两种处理过程都去除油、油脂和悬浮固体，降低二价离子浓度，并将盐水浓缩到接近饱和状态。基线设计使用化学沉淀去除二价离子以满足重复使用规范，而先进的设计使用纳滤 (NF) 膜分离二价离子并使用反渗透 (RO) 膜部分浓缩盐水。两种模型都使用机械蒸汽再压缩将盐水浓缩至 NaCl 饱和度。基线工艺被证明对低硬度盐水具有成本效益。在高硬度的情况下，化学沉淀步骤成本过高。我们发现 NF 膜是化学沉淀的一种有前途的替代品，作为分离单价和二价离子的一种手段。在高硬度的情况下，化学沉淀步骤成本过高。我们发现 NF 膜是化学沉淀的一种有前途的替代品，作为分离单价和二价离子的一种手段。在高硬度的情况下，化学沉淀步骤成本过高。我们发现 NF 膜是化学沉淀的一种有前途的替代品，作为分离单价和二价离子的一种手段。