The neuropeptide hypocretin/orexin plays a broad and important role in physiological functions ranging from addiction, stress, and anxiety to sleep, energy metabolism, and homeostatic regulation. A number of recent reviews addressing the importance of orexin for different addictive behaviors, especially the contribution of orexin-1-receptors (Ox1Rs) in responding for intoxicants in higher-motivation individuals and situations, and orexin-2-receptor (Ox2Rs) in stress-related aspects of addictive responding. This may parallel the importance of more lateral orexin neurons in the hypothalamus for reward and more medial for stress and arousal. However, there is clearly also some crossover, which may reflect, in part, where positive and negative conditioning (reward- and relief-seeking) are both present concurrently in established addiction, and also where orexin signaling can differ in subregions of a particular brain region. Here, we attempt to examine and synthesize some of the most recent work addressing orexin functions in addiction, including a particular role for Ox1Rs for driving responding in higher-motivation individuals and under higher levels of effort. While there are some commonalities across addictive substances addressed here (alcohol, cocaine, opiates), there are also some differences, which may relate to several factors including the speed of intoxication with a given substance. Together, recent findings have shed important insight and clues into what a more unified role of Ox1Rs might entail, and critical areas for future work. In addition, these many studies support the development of Ox1R blockers for use in humans to counteract addiction and other disorders of motivation.

中文翻译：

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关于食欲素/降凝素促进成瘾相关行为的最新观点。

神经肽降钙素/食欲素在从成瘾，压力和焦虑到睡眠，能量代谢和体内平衡调节等生理功能中起着广泛而重要的作用。最近的许多评论探讨了orexin对不同成瘾行为的重要性，尤其是orexin-1受体（Ox1Rs）在高动力个体和情况下对毒物的反应中的贡献，以及orexin-2受体（Ox2Rs）在压力下的作用上瘾反应的相关方面。这可能与下丘脑中更多的外侧食欲素神经元对奖励的重要性以及对压力和唤醒的更多内侧的重要性相平行。但是，显然也存在一些交叉现象，这可能部分反映了既定成瘾同时存在积极和消极条件（寻求奖励和救济），以及食欲素信号传导在特定大脑区域的子区域中可能有所不同的地方。在这里，我们尝试检查和综合解决成瘾中食欲肽功能的一些最新工作，包括Ox1R在驱动较高动机的个体和更高水平的努力中驱动响应的特定作用。尽管此处讨论的成瘾性物质（酒精，可卡因，阿片类药物）存在一些共性，但也存在一些差异，这可能与多种因素有关，包括给定物质的中毒速度。总之，最近的发现为Ox1Rs可能具有更统一的作用以及未来工作的关键领域提供了重要的见识和线索。此外，