Anticancer drug discovery and development using conventional cell line and animal models has traditionally had a low overall success rate. Despite yielding game-changing new therapeutics, 10-20 new molecules have to be brought to the clinic to obtain one new approval, making this approach costly and inefficient. The use of in vitro experimental models based on primary human tumour tissues has the potential to provide a representation of human cancer biology that is closer to an actual patient and to 'bridge the translational gap' between preclinical and clinical research. Here, we review recent advances in the use of human tumour samples for preclinical research through organoid development or as primary patient materials. While challenges still remain regarding analysis, validation and scalability, evidence is mounting for the applicability of both models as preclinical research tools.

中文翻译：

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患者衍生的模型系统和下一代抗癌疗法的发展。

传统上，使用常规细胞系和动物模型进行抗癌药物的发现和开发的总成功率较低。尽管产生了改变游戏规则的新疗法，但仍必须将10-20个新分子带到临床以获得新的批准，这使该方法成本高昂且效率低下。基于原发性人类肿瘤组织的体外实验模型的使用有可能提供更接近实际患者的人类癌症生物学表征，并“弥合临床前和临床研究之间的翻译鸿沟”。在这里，我们通过类器官的开发或作为主要的患者材料，回顾了人类肿瘤样品用于临床前研究的最新进展。尽管在分析，验证和可伸缩性方面仍然存在挑战，