Semantic Aphasia (SA) patients have difficulty accessing semantic knowledge in both verbal and non-verbal tasks appropriately for the current context. Automatically activated semantic knowledge overwhelms the system, because it is no longer able to inhibit interference from dominant meanings in order to select weaker alternatives. Episodic memory, like semantic memory, requires control to select relevant memories amongst competing episodes. For example, our memory for what we ate for breakfast last Saturday is affected by competition from numerous other breakfast meals eaten on other days. Where one is unable to guide retrieval, we may rely on automatically activated knowledge about "breakfast foods", and therefore experience false memories. Brain systems that support semantic control are also implicated in episodic control, and therefore deficits in semantic control are likely to cause more widespread problems. Despite this, nearly all research to date focuses on semantic performance alone. This study explored the impact of this semantic impairment on episodic recall. We used a verbal and non-verbal episodic memory task: participants remembered nursery rhymes in the verbal condition and logos and their associated products in the visual condition (e.g. bowl of cereal and coco-pops). For both tasks, we manipulated a) congruency with pre-existing knowledge (e.g. expectancy of trials: baa baa blackbuild - instead of sheep) and b) whether these trial types were blocked by congruency or mixed, as well as (c) distractor strength. If SA patients experience overwhelming automatic activation, they should find incongruent items more difficult to suppress, particularly when presented in an unpredictable task format. A total of 13 SA patients were compared to 33 controls across three experiments. In line with our predictions, SA patients found it more difficult to retrieve episodic memories which were in conflict with pre-existing semantic knowledge. This was true across modalities. Moreover, these deficits were accentuated when the congruency was presented in a mixed fashion, and so unpredictable across trials. Evidence of these episodic control impairments in SA cases supports the idea of a shared mechanism for semantic and episodic memory control.

中文翻译：

---

始终不一致：语义失语的多模式情节缺陷。

语义失语症（SA）患者在当前背景下在口头和非语言任务中都难以获取语义知识。自动激活的语义知识使系统不知所措，因为它不再能够抑制来自主要含义的干扰以选择较弱的替代方案。情景记忆与语义记忆一样，需要控制才能在竞争情节中选择相关记忆。例如，我们对上周六吃早餐的记忆受到其他几天其他众多早餐餐竞争的影响。在无法指导检索的情况下，我们可能依赖于自动激活的有关“早餐食品”的知识，因此会遇到错误的记忆。支持语义控制的大脑系统也与情节控制有关，因此，语义控制上的缺陷可能会导致更广泛的问题。尽管如此，迄今为止几乎所有的研究都只关注语义性能。这项研究探讨了这种语义障碍对情节回忆的影响。我们使用了口头和非口头的情景记忆任务：参与者在口头条件下记得童谣，在视觉条件下记得徽标及其相关产品（例如一碗谷物和可可豆）。对于这两个任务，我们都操纵了a）已有知识的一致性（例如，预期的试验：baa baa blackbuild-代替绵羊）和b）这些试验类型是否被一致性或混合性阻止，以及（c）干扰力。如果SA患者经历了压倒性的自动激活，他们应该发现更难控制的不一致项目，特别是当以不可预测的任务格式呈现时。在三个实验中，将总共13名SA患者与33名对照进行了比较。与我们的预测一致，SA患者发现更难检索与先前存在的语义知识冲突的情节性记忆。跨模式确实如此。此外，当以混合方式表示一致性时，这些缺陷会更加突出，因此跨试验无法预测。SA病例中这些情节性控制障碍的证据支持了语义和情节性记忆控制共享机制的想法。SA患者发现更难检索与先前存在的语义知识冲突的情节记忆。跨模式确实如此。此外，当以混合方式表示一致性时，这些缺陷会更加突出，因此跨试验无法预测。SA病例中这些情节性控制障碍的证据支持了语义和情节性记忆控制共享机制的想法。SA患者发现更难检索与先前存在的语义知识冲突的情节记忆。跨模式确实如此。此外，当以混合方式表示一致性时，这些缺陷会更加突出，因此跨试验无法预测。SA病例中这些情节性控制障碍的证据支持了语义和情节性记忆控制共享机制的想法。