Abstract Farmers facing the same production situation may have different farming objectives and thus farming practices. However, the latter are rarely precisely described since studies often use a unique indicator of soil use intensity, showing a weak explanatory value of biotic pressures. Our aim was to develop a framework to identify crop management strategies based on (i) 14 indicators of farming practices collected in 203 fields from 2004 to 2016 through interviews with the 23 farmers managing the fields, and (ii) a discussion with the farmers to assess to what extent they are valid. Then, we assessed how much these strategies helped improving our understanding of 412 weed communities surveyed in their fields. Indicators of farming intensity (e.g. treatment frequency index) was converted into ratios by dividing with the mean value of all the fields cultivated with the same crop in the same year. We identified eight crop management strategies with cluster analysis within a 950-ha area exposed to the same production situation. They differed, in decreasing order of importance, by the diversity of crops, tillage intensity, pesticide and fertiliser uses. The interviews of the farmers validated their assignment to each strategy. The interviews revealed the reasons why farmers implement a single or various strategies in their fields (seven farmers practiced two or three strategies because of differences in soil types or history of fields). The outputs of the classification gave them additional information on how their farming system differed from those of their neighbours. Using crop management strategies improved the quality of the statistical models predicting weed richness, cumulated weed richness over the 2008–2013 period, weed abundance and the frequency of weeding failure. This framework is useful to identify crop management strategies and to share information with farmers in order to be used to redesign cropping systems toward a more environmentally friendly agriculture.

中文翻译：

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在生产情况下对作物管理策略进行分类以提高对杂草群落的理解的框架

摘要 面对相同的生产情况，农民可能有不同的耕作目标，从而有不同的耕作方式。然而，后者很少被精确描述，因为研究通常使用土壤利用强度的独特指标，显示出生物压力的弱解释价值。我们的目标是根据 (i) 2004 年至 2016 年通过与 23 名管理田地的农民的访谈，在 203 个田地收集的 14 项农业实践指标，以及 (ii) 与农民的讨论，制定一个确定作物管理战略的框架。评估它们在多大程度上有效。然后，我们评估了这些策略在多大程度上有助于提高我们对在其领域接受调查的 412 个杂草群落的了解。农业强度指标（例如 处理频率指数）除以同一年种植相同作物的所有田地平均值，转化为比率。我们在暴露于相同生产情况的 950 公顷区域内通过聚类分析确定了八种作物管理策略。它们因作物的多样性、耕作强度、农药和化肥的使用而异，按重要性递减。农民的访谈证实了他们对每个策略的分配。访谈揭示了农民在他们的田地中实施单一或多种策略的原因（由于土壤类型或田地历史的差异，七名农民采用了两种或三种策略）。分类的结果为他们提供了关于他们的耕作系统与邻居的耕作系统有何不同的额外信息。使用作物管理策略提高了预测杂草丰富度、2008-2013 年期间杂草丰富度、杂草丰度和除草失败频率的统计模型的质量。该框架有助于确定作物管理策略并与农民共享信息，以便用于重新设计种植系统以实现更环保的农业。