Abstract Cultural systems based on mixtures of varieties may be more successful in resource use and resource use efficiency than those based on single varieties. Two triticale cultivars of different phenology (Bienvenu, intermediate; and Oceania, spring) grown in pure stands were compared with mixtures of the two (25:75; 50:50 and 75:25). Field experiments were carried out in Sardinia (Italy) in five experiments created by combining seasons, sowing date and sites. At the terminal spikelet of Bienvenu, the best mixtures produced 38, 89 and 82 % more biomass than Bienvenu in pure stand, depending on the experiment, due to a higher crop growth rate associated with a higher RUE (r = 0.60*). In the case of dual purpose utilization, this means that the winter herbage production of triticale at the terminal spikelet stage of an intermediate or winter cultivar is improved when mixed with a spring cultivar, at least in the Mediterranean environment explored here. Complementarity and differences between mixtures and pure stands in biomass production by anthesis were the exception rather than the rule. By the anthesis of Oceania, mixtures only produced more biomass than the Oceania pure stand on three occasions (11.8 and 11.9 t ha−1 vs. 9.3 t ha−1 and 10.7 t ha−1 vs. 8.7 t ha−1). In these cases, the superiority of the mixtures was due to a higher intercepted PAR (also reflected in greater transpiration), attributable to the pattern of LAI development. Differences in grain yield were only expressed when a cold stress during anthesis compromised the grain set of the spring cultivar. Here, mixtures played a fundamental role in increasing the stability in grain yield, suggesting that differences in the developmental rate between mixture components reduced the mixture sensitivity to specific abiotic stresses.

中文翻译：

---

黑小麦品种混合物：地中海环境中的生产力、资源利用和资源利用效率

摘要 基于品种混合的文化系统可能比基于单一品种的文化系统在资源利用和资源利用效率方面更成功。在纯林中生长的两种不同物候的小黑麦品种（Bienvenu，中间；和大洋洲，春季）与两者的混合物（25:75；50:50 和 75:25）进行了比较。在撒丁岛（意大利）通过结合季节、播种日期和地点创建的五个实验进行了田间试验。在 Bienvenu 的末端小穗上，最佳混合物比纯林分中的 Bienvenu 产生 38%、89% 和 82% 的生物量，这取决于实验，这是由于较高的作物生长率与较高的 RUE (r = 0.60*) 相关。在双重用途的情况下，这意味着，当与春季品种混合时，中间或冬季品种的终端小穗阶段的小黑麦冬季牧草产量得到改善，至少在此处探索的地中海环境中是这样。花期生物质生产中混合物和纯林之间的互补和差异是例外而不是规则。到大洋洲开花时，混合物仅在三种情况下（11.8 和 11.9 t ha-1 对 9.3 t ha-1 和 10.7 t ha-1 对 8.7 t ha-1）产生了比大洋洲纯林多的生物量。在这些情况下，混合物的优越性是由于更高的截获 PAR（也反映在更大的蒸腾作用），归因于 LAI 的发展模式。仅当开花期间的冷胁迫损害春季栽培品种的籽粒集时，才会表现出籽粒产量的差异。