Abstract Previous studies found that an automatic meaning-composition process affects the processing of morphologically complex words, and related this operation to conceptual combination. However, research on embodied cognition demonstrates that concepts are more than just lexical meanings, rather being also grounded in perceptual experience. Therefore, perception-based information should also be involved in mental operations on concepts, such as conceptual combination. Consequently, we should expect to find perceptual effects in the processing of morphologically complex words. In order to investigate this hypothesis, we present the first fully-implemented and data-driven model of perception-based (more specifically, vision-based) conceptual combination, and use the predictions of such a model to investigate processing times for compound words in four large-scale behavioral experiments employing three paradigms (naming, lexical decision, and timed sensibility judgments). We observe facilitatory effects of vision-based compositionality in all three paradigms, over and above a strong language-based (lexical and semantic) baseline, thus demonstrating for the first time perceptually grounded effects at the sub-lexical level. This suggests that perceptually-grounded information is not only utilized according to specific task demands but rather automatically activated when available.

中文翻译：

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语义透明不是不可见：文字处理中基于感知的概念组合的计算模型

摘要 以往的研究发现，自动意义合成过程会影响形态复杂词的处理，并将这一操作与概念组合联系起来。然而，对具身认知的研究表明，概念不仅仅是词汇意义，而且还植根于感性经验。因此，基于感知的信息也应参与概念的心理操作，例如概念组合。因此，我们应该期望在处理形态复杂的单词时找到感知效果。为了研究这个假设，我们提出了第一个完全实现和数据驱动的基于感知（更具体地说，基于视觉）概念组合的模型，并使用这种模型的预测来研究使用三种范式（命名、词汇决策和定时敏感性判断）的四个大规模行为实验中复合词的处理时间。我们在所有三个范式中都观察到基于视觉的组合性的促进作用，超过了基于语言（词汇和语义）的强大基线，从而首次证明了在亚词汇层面上的感知基础效应。这表明感知基础信息不仅根据特定的任务需求使用，而且在可用时自动激活。超越了强大的基于语言（词汇和语义）的基线，从而首次展示了亚词汇级别的感知基础效果。这表明感知基础信息不仅根据特定的任务需求使用，而且在可用时自动激活。超越了强大的基于语言（词汇和语义）的基线，从而首次展示了亚词汇级别的感知基础效果。这表明感知基础信息不仅根据特定的任务需求使用，而且在可用时自动激活。