Lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of death in both men and women in the world. Lung cancer is heterogeneous in nature and diagnosis is often at an advanced stage as it develops silently in the lung and is frequently associated with high mortality rates. Despite the advances made in understanding the biology of lung cancer, progress in early diagnosis, cancer therapy modalities and considering the mechanisms of drug resistance, the prognosis and outcome still remains low for many patients. Nanotechnology is one of the fastest growing areas of research that can solve many biological problems such as cancer. A growing number of therapies based on using nanoparticles (NPs) have successfully entered the clinic to treat pain, cancer, and infectious diseases. Recent progress in nanotechnology has been encouraging and directed to developing novel nanoparticles that can be one step ahead of the cancer reducing the possibility of multi-drug resistance. Nanomedicine using NPs is continuingly impacting cancer diagnosis and treatment. Chemotherapy is often associated with limited targeting to the tumor, side effects and low solubility that leads to insufficient drug reaching the tumor. Overcoming these drawbacks of chemotherapy by equipping NPs with theranostic capability which is leading to the development of novel strategies. This review provides a synopsis of current progress in theranostic applications for lung cancer diagnosis and therapy using NPs including liposome, polymeric NPs, quantum dots, gold NPs, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes and magnetic NPs.

中文翻译：

---

肺癌纳米诊断和纳米治疗中的应用和策略。

肺癌是世界上第二常见的癌症，也是导致男性和女性死亡的主要原因。肺癌在本质上具有异质性，诊断通常处于晚期，因为它在肺部无声地发展并且通常与高死亡率相关。尽管在了解肺癌生物学、早期诊断、癌症治疗方式和考虑耐药机制方面取得了进展，但许多患者的预后和结果仍然很低。纳米技术是发展最快的研究领域之一，可以解决许多生物学问题，例如癌症。越来越多的基于使用纳米粒子 (NPs) 的疗法已成功进入临床，用于治疗疼痛、癌症和传染病。纳米技术的最新进展一直令人鼓舞，并致力于开发新型纳米颗粒，这种纳米颗粒可以领先于癌症一步，降低多药耐药性的可能性。使用 NP 的纳米医学正在继续影响癌症的诊断和治疗。化疗通常与对肿瘤的有限靶向、副作用和导致药物到达肿瘤的低溶解度有关。通过为 NPs 配备治疗诊断能力来克服化疗的这些缺点，这导致了新策略的发展。这篇综述概述了使用纳米粒子（包括脂质体、聚合物纳米粒子、量子点、金纳米粒子、树枝状大分子、碳纳米管和磁性纳米粒子）在肺癌诊断和治疗中的治疗诊断应用的当前进展。