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The risk of morbidity and mortality following recurrent malaria in Papua, Indonesia: a retrospective cohort study.
BMC Medicine ( IF 7.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-02-20 , DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-1497-0
Saber Dini 1 , Nicholas M Douglas 2, 3 , Jeanne Rini Poespoprodjo 4, 5 , Enny Kenangalem 4, 6 , Paulus Sugiarto 7 , Ian D Plumb 2 , Ric N Price 2, 3, 8 , Julie A Simpson 1
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND An acute episode of malaria can be followed by multiple recurrent episodes either due to re-infection, recrudescence of a partially treated parasite or, in the case of Plasmodium vivax or P. ovale, relapse from the dormant liver stage of the parasite. The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of recurrent malaria episodes on morbidity and mortality in Papua, Indonesia. METHODS We undertook a retrospective analysis of routinely collected data from malaria patients attending the primary referral hospital in Papua, Indonesia, between April 2004 and December 2013. Multi-state modelling was used to estimate the effect of recurring malaria episodes on re-presentation and admission to hospital and death. The risks of early (≤ 14 days) and late (15 to 365 days) hospital admission and death were estimated separately in our study to distinguish between the direct and indirect effects of malaria recurrence on adverse outcomes. RESULTS A total of 68,361 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 37,168 (54.4%) presented initially with P. falciparum, 22,209 (32.5%) with P. vivax, and 8984 (13.1%) with other species. During 12 months of follow-up after each of the first four malaria episodes, 10,868 (15.9%) patients were admitted to hospital and 897 (1.3%) died. The risk of re-presenting to the hospital with malaria increased from 34.7% (95% CI 34.4%, 35.1%) at first episode to 58.6% (57.5%, 59.6%) following the third episode of malaria. After adjusting for co-factors, infection with P. vivax was a significant risk factor for re-presentation (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.48 (95% CI 1.44, 1.51)) and late admission to hospital (HR = 1.17 (1.11, 1.22)). Patients infected with P. falciparum had a greater overall rate of mortality within 14 days (HR = 1.54 (1.25, 1.92)), but after multiple episodes of malaria, there was a trend towards a higher rate of early death in patients infected with P. vivax compared to P. falciparum (HR = 1.91 (0.73, 4.97)). CONCLUSIONS Compared to patients initially infected with P. falciparum, those infected with P. vivax had significantly more re-presentations to hospital with malaria, and this contributed to a high risk of inpatient admission and death. These findings highlight the importance of radical cure of P. vivax to eliminate the dormant liver stages that trigger relapses.

中文翻译:

印度尼西亚巴布亚疟疾复发后的发病率和死亡率风险:一项回顾性队列研究。

背景 疟疾的急性发作之后可能由于再感染、部分治疗的寄生虫的复发或在间日疟原虫或卵形疟原虫的情况下从寄生虫的休眠肝期复发而导致多次复发发作。本研究的目的是量化疟疾复发对印度尼西亚巴布亚发病率和死亡率的影响。方法 我们对 2004 年 4 月至 2013 年 12 月在印度尼西亚巴布亚初级转诊医院就诊的疟疾患者的常规收集数据进行了回顾性分析。使用多状态模型来估计复发性疟疾发作对再就诊和入院的影响去医院和死亡。我们的研究分别估计了早期(≤ 14 天)和晚期(15 至 365 天)住院和死亡的风险,以区分疟疾复发对不良结局的直接和间接影响。结果 共有 68,361 名患者被纳入分析,其中 37,168 名 (54.4%) 最初表现为恶性疟原虫,22,209 名 (32.5%) 患有间日疟原虫,8984 名 (13.1%) 患有其他物种。在前四次疟疾发作后的 12 个月随访期间,有 10,868 名 (15.9%) 患者入院,897 名 (1.3%) 患者死亡。因疟疾再次入院的风险从第一次发作时的 34.7% (95% CI 34.4%, 35.1%) 增加到第三次疟疾发作后的 58.6% (57.5%, 59.6%)。调整辅因子后,感染 P. 间日疟是再就诊(风险比 (HR) = 1.48 (95% CI 1.44, 1.51))和延迟入院 (HR = 1.17 (1.11, 1.22)) 的重要危险因素。感染恶性疟原虫的患者在 14 天内的总体死亡率更高(HR = 1.54(1.25,1.92)),但在多次疟疾发作后,感染恶性疟原虫的患者有更高的早期死亡率趋势. 间日疟原虫与恶性疟原虫相比(HR = 1.91 (0.73, 4.97))。结论 与最初感染恶性疟原虫的患者相比,感染间日疟原虫的患者因疟疾再次到医院就诊的次数明显更多,这导致住院和死亡的风险很高。这些发现强调了根治间日疟原虫对于消除引发复发的休眠肝阶段的重要性。1.51)) 和延迟入院 (HR = 1.17 (1.11, 1.22))。感染恶性疟原虫的患者在 14 天内的总体死亡率更高(HR = 1.54(1.25,1.92)),但在多次疟疾发作后,感染恶性疟原虫的患者有更高的早期死亡率趋势. 间日疟原虫与恶性疟原虫相比(HR = 1.91 (0.73, 4.97))。结论 与最初感染恶性疟原虫的患者相比,感染间日疟原虫的患者因疟疾再次到医院就诊的次数明显更多,这导致住院和死亡的风险很高。这些发现强调了根治间日疟原虫对于消除引发复发的休眠肝阶段的重要性。1.51)) 和延迟入院 (HR = 1.17 (1.11, 1.22))。感染恶性疟原虫的患者在 14 天内的总体死亡率更高(HR = 1.54(1.25,1.92)),但在多次疟疾发作后,感染恶性疟原虫的患者有更高的早期死亡率趋势. 间日疟原虫与恶性疟原虫相比(HR = 1.91 (0.73, 4.97))。结论 与最初感染恶性疟原虫的患者相比,感染间日疟原虫的患者因疟疾再次到医院就诊的次数明显更多,这导致住院和死亡的风险很高。这些发现强调了根治间日疟原虫对于消除引发复发的休眠肝阶段的重要性。恶性疟原虫在 14 天内的总体死亡率更高 (HR = 1.54 (1.25, 1.92)),但在多次疟疾发作后,与间日疟原虫相比,感染间日疟原虫的患者有更高的早期死亡率趋势. 恶性疟原​​虫 (HR = 1.91 (0.73, 4.97))。结论 与最初感染恶性疟原虫的患者相比,感染间日疟原虫的患者因疟疾再次到医院就诊的次数明显更多,这导致住院和死亡的风险更高。这些发现强调了根治间日疟原虫对于消除引发复发的休眠肝阶段的重要性。恶性疟原虫在 14 天内的总体死亡率更高 (HR = 1.54 (1.25, 1.92)),但在多次疟疾发作后,与间日疟原虫相比,感染间日疟原虫的患者有更高的早期死亡率趋势. 恶性疟原​​虫 (HR = 1.91 (0.73, 4.97))。结论 与最初感染恶性疟原虫的患者相比,感染间日疟原虫的患者因疟疾再次到医院就诊的次数明显更多,这导致住院和死亡的风险很高。这些发现强调了根治间日疟原虫对于消除引发复发的休眠肝阶段的重要性。91(0.73,4.97))。结论 与最初感染恶性疟原虫的患者相比,感染间日疟原虫的患者因疟疾再次到医院就诊的次数明显更多,这导致住院和死亡的风险很高。这些发现强调了根治间日疟原虫对于消除引发复发的休眠肝阶段的重要性。91(0.73,4.97))。结论 与最初感染恶性疟原虫的患者相比,感染间日疟原虫的患者因疟疾再次到医院就诊的次数明显更多,这导致住院和死亡的风险更高。这些发现强调了根治间日疟原虫对于消除引发复发的休眠肝阶段的重要性。
更新日期:2020-02-20
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