Abstract Large carnivores have experienced significant global range contractions and recovering their populations is often contingent on increasing prey abundances. In Manas National Park (MNP), following nearly two decades of ethnopolitical conflict, studies document that populations of both prey and predators were depressed. Here we assess the status of wild ungulates in a section of MNP (Bansbari-Bhuyanpara) that has remained conflict-free for over a decade. For seven ungulate species, we estimate species-specific densities using distance-based sampling, assess species-specific space-use patterns in relation to habitat variables within an occupancy framework and examine patterns of temporal activity in relation to times when people access the park for resources. Further, by comparing temporal activity patterns of ungulates between MNP, a site where local communities access the park for resources, and Kaziranga National Park, where human use of the park is minimal, we examine if species activity is altered in response to human presence. We estimate that currently Bansbari-Bhuyanpara ranges of MNP support 42.66 (34.16–51.16) individual ungulates/km2. Our results highlight that current patterns of human access within the park affect both spatial and temporal behaviour of these species. Although we estimate a relatively high recovery potential for tigers in MNP given current prey densities, we suggest that further ungulate population recoveries could be supported in the park. With several ungulate species experiencing range-wide declines, efforts to minimize non-lethal human disturbances on these species also need to be considered to ensure that predator-prey systems remain intact.

中文翻译：

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印度玛纳斯国家公园野生有蹄类动物群落对人为影响的反应

摘要 大型食肉动物经历了全球范围的显着收缩，其种群的恢复通常取决于猎物丰度的增加。在马纳斯国家公园 (MNP)，经过近二十年的民族政治冲突，研究表明猎物和捕食者的种群数量都受到抑制。在这里，我们评估了十多年来一直没有冲突的 MNP (Bansbari-Bhuyanpara) 部分中野生有蹄类动物的状况。对于七种有蹄类动物，我们使用基于距离的抽样估计物种特定的密度，评估与居住框架内栖息地变量相关的物种特定空间使用模式，并检查与人们进入公园的时间相关的时间活动模式资源。此外，通过比较 MNP 之间有蹄类动物的时间活动模式，当地社区进入公园获取资源的地点，以及人类对公园的使用最少的 Kaziranga 国家公园，我们检查物种活动是否因人类存在而改变。我们估计目前 Bansbari-Bhuyanpara 的 MNP 范围支持 42.66 (34.16–51.16) 只有蹄类动物/km2。我们的结果强调，公园内目前的人类进入模式会影响这些物种的空间和时间行为。尽管鉴于当前的猎物密度，我们估计 MNP 中老虎的恢复潜力相对较高，但我们建议可以支持公园内进一步恢复有蹄类动物种群。由于一些有蹄类动物物种正在经历范围广泛的减少，因此还需要考虑尽量减少对这些物种的非致命人类干扰，以确保捕食者-猎物系统保持完整。