Anti-parasitic drugs used in the aquaculture industry are discharged to the sea after treatment of salmon. In this study, the effects of azamethiphos (AZA) in the Salmosan® formulation and deltamethrin (DEL) in the Alpha Max® formulation, have been assessed in Northern shrimp larvae (Pandalus borealis) when administered both separately and in combination. The exposure concentrations were 100 ng/L for AZA and 2 ng/L for DEL, each representing a 1000-fold dilution of the prescribed concentrations for salmon. These two chemicals were combined at these concentrations to give a third treatment (AZA + DEL). When larvae were exposed for two hours on the first, second and third days post hatch (dph), significantly increased mortality and reduced swimming activity were observed for larvae from the DEL and combined AZA + DEL treatments 4 dph, though not in larvae from the AZA treatment. A single pulse exposure, delivered on the first day post hatch, caused similar effects on mortality and swimming activity 4 dph as the three-pulse exposure. Mortality was driven by the presence of DEL in both experiments, with no amplification or reduction of effects observed when DEL and AZA were combined. Larvae were observed for 13 days following the single pulse exposure, with food limitation introduced as an additional stressor on day 4. In the DEL and AZA + DEL treatments mortality continued to increase regardless of food level, with no larvae completing development to stage II. The overriding toxicity of DEL masked any potential effects the reduced food ration may have exerted. Swimming activity was lower for AZA treated larvae than Control larvae 13 dph, when both groups were fed daily, though no other significant changes to mortality, development to stage II, feeding rate or gene expression were observed. Food limited Control and AZA larvae had lower swimming activity and feeding rate than daily fed Control larvae, with expression of pyruvate kinase and myosin genes also downregulated. However, there was no negative effect on survival or successful development to stage II in these treatments. In addition, mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotropic factor was downregulated in food limited Control larvae when compared with the daily fed Controls. Results from this study together with reported estimates of dispersion plume concentrations of discharged pesticides indicate that toxic concentrations of deltamethrin could reach shrimp larvae several kilometers from a treated salmon farm.

中文翻译：

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在田间相关浓度下将虾幼虫暴露于水产养殖农药中的作用，有和没有食物限制。

水产养殖业中使用的抗寄生虫药物经过鲑鱼处理后被排入海中。在这项研究中，已分别对北方虾类幼虫（北极熊猫）中的Salmosan®制剂中的Azamethiphos（AZA）和AlphaMax®制剂中的溴氰菊酯（DEL）进行了评估。AZA的暴露浓度为100 ng / L，DEL的暴露浓度为2 ng / L，分别代表鲑鱼规定浓度的1000倍稀释度。将这两种化学物质以这些浓度合并以进行第三种处理（AZA + DEL）。在孵化后（dph）的第一天，第二天和第三天将幼虫暴露两个小时后，观察到DEL和AZA + DEL联合处理4 dph时幼虫的死亡率显着增加，游泳活动减少，尽管不是来自AZA治疗的幼虫。在孵化后的第一天进行一次单脉冲暴露，与三脉冲暴露一样，对死亡率和游泳活动4 dph产生相似的影响。在两个实验中，死亡率都是由DEL的存在所驱动的，当DEL和AZA合并使用时，没有观察到放大或降低的作用。在单脉冲暴露后的第13天观察到幼虫，在第4天引入食物限制作为额外的压力源。在DEL和AZA + DEL处理中，无论食物水平如何，死亡率都继续增加，没有幼虫完成发育至II期。DEL的最高毒性掩盖了食物定量降低可能产生的任何潜在影响。当每天喂饲两组时，AZA处理的幼虫的游泳活动低于对照幼虫的13 dph。尽管没有观察到死亡率，进入II期，进食率或基因表达的其他显着变化。限食对照和AZA幼虫的游泳活动和摄食率低于每日喂养的对照幼虫，丙酮酸激酶和肌球蛋白基因的表达也下调。然而，在这些治疗中，对存活或成功发展至II期没有负面影响。此外，与每日喂食的对照组相比，在食物有限的对照组幼虫中，中脑星形胶质细胞衍生的神经营养因子被下调。这项研究的结果以及所报告的已排放农药的散羽浓度估计值表明，溴氰菊酯的有毒浓度可能到达距经过处理的鲑鱼养殖场几公里的虾幼体。发展到第二阶段，观察进食速度或基因表达。限食对照和AZA幼虫的游泳活动和摄食率低于每日喂养的对照幼虫，丙酮酸激酶和肌球蛋白基因的表达也下调。然而，在这些治疗中，对存活或成功发展至II期没有负面影响。此外，与每日喂食的对照组相比，在食物有限的对照组幼虫中，中脑星形胶质细胞衍生的神经营养因子被下调。这项研究的结果以及所报告的已排放农药的散羽浓度估计值表明，溴氰菊酯的有毒浓度可能到达距经过处理的鲑鱼养殖场几公里的虾幼体。观察到发育到第二阶段，进食速率或基因表达。限食对照和AZA幼虫的游泳活动和摄食率低于每日喂养的对照幼虫，丙酮酸激酶和肌球蛋白基因的表达也下调。然而，在这些治疗中，对存活或成功发展至II期没有负面影响。此外，与每日喂养的对照组相比，在食物有限的对照组幼虫中，中脑星形胶质细胞衍生的神经营养因子被下调。这项研究的结果以及所报告的已排放农药的散羽浓度估计值表明，溴氰菊酯的有毒浓度可能到达距经过处理的鲑鱼养殖场几公里的虾幼体。限食对照组和AZA幼虫的游泳活动和摄食率低于每日喂养的对照组幼虫，丙酮酸激酶和肌球蛋白基因的表达也下调。然而，在这些治疗中，对存活或成功发展至II期没有负面影响。此外，与每日喂食的对照组相比，在食物有限的对照组幼虫中，中脑星形胶质细胞衍生的神经营养因子被下调。这项研究的结果以及所报告的已排放农药的散羽浓度估计值表明，溴氰菊酯的有毒浓度可能到达距经过处理的鲑鱼养殖场几公里的虾幼体。限食对照和AZA幼虫的游泳活动和摄食率低于每日喂养的对照幼虫，丙酮酸激酶和肌球蛋白基因的表达也下调。然而，在这些治疗中，对存活或成功发展至II期没有负面影响。此外，与每日喂食的对照组相比，在食物有限的对照组幼虫中，中脑星形胶质细胞衍生的神经营养因子被下调。这项研究的结果以及所报告的已排放农药的散羽浓度估计值表明，溴氰菊酯的有毒浓度可能到达距经过处理的鲑鱼养殖场几公里的虾幼体。这些治疗对生存或成功发展至II期均无不利影响。此外，与每日喂食的对照组相比，在食物有限的对照组幼虫中，中脑星形胶质细胞衍生的神经营养因子被下调。这项研究的结果以及所报告的已排放农药的散羽浓度估计值表明，溴氰菊酯的有毒浓度可能到达距经过处理的鲑鱼养殖场几公里的虾幼体。这些治疗对生存或成功发展至II期均无不利影响。此外，与每日喂食的对照组相比，在食物有限的对照组幼虫中，中脑星形胶质细胞衍生的神经营养因子被下调。这项研究的结果以及所报告的已排放农药的散羽浓度估计值表明，溴氰菊酯的有毒浓度可能到达距经过处理的鲑鱼养殖场几公里的虾幼体。