Abstract This study describes the evolution of the Spanish irrigated sector and focuses on water abstraction, water consumption, and energy use in the period 1950–2017. The analysis shows evidence of the basins reaching closure state and the impact on energy use from irrigation supply. The response in the context of an increasing water demand with a limited supply has been investment in water-saving and conservation technologies (WSCT) with the transformation of furrow-irrigated areas into those of drip and sprinkler, resulting in an increase in irrigation efficiency. The effect of this policy implies an increase in energy use by a factor of six in the period while the irrigated area triples and its water use doubles in the same period. Water abstraction reaches its peak in the year 2004 and decreases slightly as a consequence of subsidies to WSCT. The impact on energy consumption in pumping and treatment illustrates the water-energy nexus in Spain’s agriculture and the change in the water policy paradigm from supply augmentation towards demand management.

中文翻译：

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活力水：西班牙灌溉农业中水-能源关系的演变，1950-2017

摘要 本研究描述了西班牙灌溉部门的演变，重点关注 1950-2017 年期间的取水、用水和能源使用。分析显示了盆地达到关闭状态的证据以及灌溉供应对能源使用的影响。在水资源需求增加而供应有限的情况下，应对节水和节水技术（WSCT）的反应是将沟灌区转变为滴灌和喷灌区，从而提高了灌溉效率。该政策的效果意味着同期能源使用量增加了 6 倍，而灌溉面积增加了两倍，用水量增加了一倍。取水量在 2004 年达到顶峰，并由于对 WSCT 的补贴而略有下降。