Abstract Safety and environmental risk go hand in hand with industrial development. However, it is unclear whether there is a linear or nonlinear relationship between risk and industrial development. Perhaps, it is case dependent. Some industrial endeavours such as offshore development, activities in a harsher environment, or development requiring new technologies (untested and untrusted technologies) may pose a higher risk (nonlinear) than more conventional industrial development activities (e.g., petroleum refineries, petrochemical plants, pipeline transportation, and the like). Public perception plays a critical role in defining the risk versus development relationship. The public perception of risk is dependent on awareness and understanding of potential hazards and their likelihood of occurrence, and most importantly, effective communication of these along with the associated uncertainty. Public awareness can have a profound effect on the development of public policy, which in many cases is driven more by perception rather than by sound science. This paper sheds light on this crucial issue. It investigates two commonly used concepts of policy and decision-making, the Precautionary Principle (PP) and As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP). The paper provides a clearer understanding of both approaches with an illustrative example. It proposes a process to help readers understand where and when PP versus ALARP would be most applicable. The opinions and data presented here are based on the current study and relevant experience of the authors. The paper does not necessarily reflect the opinions of the authors’ past or present employers nor correlate directly with previous projects on which the authors have worked.

中文翻译：

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预防原则 (PP) 与合理可行的最低 (ALARP)：使用哪一种以及何时使用

摘要 安全与环境风险与产业发展密不可分。然而，目前尚不清楚风险与产业发展之间是否存在线性或非线性关系。也许，这取决于情况。一些工业活动，例如海上开发、更恶劣环境中的活动或需要新技术的开发（未经测试和不受信任的技术）可能比更传统的工业开发活动（例如炼油厂、石化厂、管道运输）带来更高的风险（非线性） ，等等）。公众认知在定义风险与发展关系方面起着关键作用。公众对风险的看法取决于对潜在危害及其发生可能性的认识和理解，最重要的是，有效沟通这些以及相关的不确定性。公众意识可以对公共政策的发展产生深远的影响，在许多情况下，公共政策更多地是由感知而不是由可靠的科学驱动的。本文阐明了这一关键问题。它研究了两个常用的政策和决策概念，即预防原则 (PP) 和尽可能合理可行 (ALARP)。本文提供了一个说明性示例，让您更清楚地了解这两种方法。它提出了一个过程来帮助读者了解 PP 与 ALARP 最适用的时间和地点。这里提出的意见和数据基于作者当前的研究和相关经验。