Synaptic transmission and plasticity are shaped by the dynamic reorganization of signaling molecules within pre- and postsynaptic compartments. The nanoscale organization of key effector molecules has been revealed by single-particle trajectory (SPT) methods. Interestingly, this nanoscale organization is highly heterogeneous. For example, presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) and postsynaptic ligand-gated ion channels such as AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are organized into so-called nanodomains where individual molecules are only transiently trapped. These pre- and postsynaptic nanodomains are characterized by a high density of molecules but differ in their molecular organization and stability within the synaptic membrane. We review the main properties of these nanodomains, as well as the methods developed to extract parameters from SPT experiments. We discuss how such molecular dynamics influences synaptic transmission. The nanoscale organization of active synapses opens new insights into the dynamics and turnover of molecules as well as casting light on their contributions to signal transfer between individual neurons.

中文翻译：

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突触前和突触后瞬态纳米域之间的不对称性塑造了神经元通信

突触传递和可塑性由突触前和突触后隔室中信号分子的动态重组形成。单粒子轨迹（SPT）方法揭示了关键效应分子的纳米级组织。有趣的是，这种纳米级组织是高度异质的。例如，突触前电压门控钙通道 (VGCC) 和突触后配体门控离子通道如 AMPA 受体 (AMPAR) 被组织成所谓的纳米域，其中单个分子仅被瞬时捕获。这些突触前和突触后纳米域的特点是分子密度高，但它们的分子组织和突触膜内的稳定性不同。我们回顾了这些纳米域的主要特性，以及从 SPT 实验中提取参数的方法。我们讨论这种分子动力学如何影响突触传递。活性突触的纳米级组织为分子的动力学和周转以及它们对单个神经元之间信号传递的贡献提供了新的见解。