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DRD4 48 bp multiallelic variants as age-population-specific biomarkers in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Translational Psychiatry ( IF 5.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-02-19 , DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0755-4
Cristian Bonvicini 1 , Samuele Cortese 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , Carlo Maj 7 , Bernhard T Baune 8, 9, 10 , Stephen V Faraone 11, 12 , Catia Scassellati 13
Affiliation  

The identification of biomarkers to support the diagnosis and prediction of treatment response for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is still a challenge. Our previous works highlighted the DRD4 (dopamine receptor D4) as the best potential genetic marker for childhood diagnosis and methylphenidate (MPH) response. Here, we aimed to provide additional evidence on biomarkers for ADHD diagnosis and treatment response, by using more specific approaches such as meta-analytic and bioinformatics tools. Via meta-analytic approaches including over 3000 cases and 16,000 controls, we demonstrated that, among the different variants studied in DRD4 gene, the 48-base pair, Variable Tandem Repeat Polymorphism, VNTR in exon 3 showed an age/population-specificity and an allelic heterogeneity. In particular, the 7R/"long" allele was identified as an ADHD risk factor in European-Caucasian populations (d = 1.31, 95%CI: 1.17-1.47, Z = 4.70/d = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.20-1.55, Z = 4.78, respectively), also, from the results of last meta-analysis, linked to the poor MPH efficacy. The 4R/"short" allele was a protective factor in European-Caucasian and South American populations (d = 0.83, 95%CI: 0.75-0.92, Z = 3.58), and was also associated to positive MPH response. These results refer to children with ADHD. No evidence of such associations was detected for adults with persistent ADHD (data from the last meta-analysis). Moreover, we found evidence that the 4R allele leads to higher receptor expression and increased sensitivity to dopamine, as compared with the 7R allele (d = 1.20, 95%CI: 0.71-1.69, Z = 4.81), and this is consistent with the ADHD protection/susceptibility effects of the respective alleles. Using bioinformatics tools, based on the latest genome-wide association (GWAS) meta-analysis of the Psychiatry Genomic Consortium (PGC), we demonstrated that the 48 bp VNTR is not in Linkage Disequilibrium with the DRD4 SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms), which were not found to be associated with ADHD. Moreover, a DRD4 expression downregulation was found in ADHD specific brain regions (Putamen, Z score = -3.02, P = 0.00252). Overall, our results suggest that DRD4 48 bp VNTR variants should be considered as biomarkers to support the diagnosis of ADHD and to predict MPH response, although the accuracy of such a biomarker remains to be further elucidated.

中文翻译:

DRD4 48 bp 多等位基因变体作为注意力缺陷/多动障碍的年龄群体特异性生物标志物。

识别生物标志物以支持对注意力缺陷/多动障碍 (ADHD) 治疗反应的诊断和预测仍然是一个挑战。我们之前的工作强调 DRD4(多巴胺受体 D4)是儿童诊断和哌醋甲酯 (MPH) 反应的最佳潜在遗传标记。在这里,我们旨在通过使用元分析和生物信息学工具等更具体的方法,为 ADHD 诊断和治疗反应的生物标志物提供更多证据。通过包括超过 3000 例病例和 16,000 例对照的荟萃分析方法,我们证明,在 DRD4 基因研究的不同变体中,48 碱基对、可变串联重复多态性、外显子 3 中的 VNTR 显示出年龄/人群特异性和等位基因异质性。特别是 7R/“长” 等位基因被确定为欧洲高加索人群的 ADHD 风险因素(d = 1.31, 95%CI: 1.17-1.47, Z = 4.70/d = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.20-1.55, Z = 4.78),也,从上次荟萃分析的结果来看,与 MPH 疗效差有关。4R/“短”等位基因是欧洲-高加索和南美人群的保护因素(d = 0.83, 95%CI: 0.75-0.92, Z = 3.58),也与阳性 MPH 反应相关。这些结果涉及多动症儿童。对于患有持续性多动症的成年人,没有发现这种关联的证据(来自上次荟萃分析的数据)。此外,我们发现与 7R 等位基因相比,4R 等位基因导致更高的受体表达和对多巴胺的敏感性增加(d = 1.20, 95%CI: 0.71-1.69, Z = 4.81),这与各个等位基因的 ADHD 保护/易感性效应一致。使用生物信息学工具,基于精神病学基因组联盟 (PGC) 的最新全基因组关联 (GWAS) 荟萃分析,我们证明了 48 bp VNTR 与 DRD4 SNP(单核苷酸多态性)不处于连锁不平衡状态,这未发现与多动症有关。此外,在 ADHD 特定脑区发现 DRD4 表达下调(Putamen,Z 得分 = -3.02,P = 0.00252)。总体而言,我们的结果表明 DRD4 48 bp VNTR 变体应被视为支持 ADHD 诊断和预测 MPH 反应的生物标志物,尽管这种生物标志物的准确性仍有待进一步阐明。基于精神病学基因组联盟 (PGC) 的最新全基因组关联 (GWAS) 荟萃分析,我们证明 48 bp VNTR 与 DRD4 SNP(单核苷酸多态性)不处于连锁不平衡状态,未发现与多动症有关。此外,在 ADHD 特定脑区发现 DRD4 表达下调(Putamen,Z 得分 = -3.02,P = 0.00252)。总体而言,我们的结果表明 DRD4 48 bp VNTR 变体应被视为支持 ADHD 诊断和预测 MPH 反应的生物标志物,尽管这种生物标志物的准确性仍有待进一步阐明。基于精神病学基因组联盟 (PGC) 的最新全基因组关联 (GWAS) 荟萃分析,我们证明 48 bp VNTR 与 DRD4 SNP(单核苷酸多态性)不处于连锁不平衡状态,未发现与多动症有关。此外,在 ADHD 特定脑区发现 DRD4 表达下调(Putamen,Z 得分 = -3.02,P = 0.00252)。总体而言,我们的结果表明 DRD4 48 bp VNTR 变体应被视为支持 ADHD 诊断和预测 MPH 反应的生物标志物,尽管这种生物标志物的准确性仍有待进一步阐明。没有发现与多动症有关。此外,在 ADHD 特定脑区发现 DRD4 表达下调(Putamen,Z 得分 = -3.02,P = 0.00252)。总体而言,我们的结果表明 DRD4 48 bp VNTR 变体应被视为支持 ADHD 诊断和预测 MPH 反应的生物标志物,尽管这种生物标志物的准确性仍有待进一步阐明。没有发现与多动症有关。此外,在 ADHD 特定脑区发现 DRD4 表达下调(Putamen,Z 得分 = -3.02,P = 0.00252)。总体而言,我们的结果表明 DRD4 48 bp VNTR 变体应被视为支持 ADHD 诊断和预测 MPH 反应的生物标志物,尽管这种生物标志物的准确性仍有待进一步阐明。
更新日期:2020-02-19
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