The ever-increasing amount of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has resulted in great environmental impacts. The selective hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol, the first target in the liquid sunshine vision, not only effectively mitigates the CO2 emissions, but also produces value-added chemicals and fuels. This critical review provides a comprehensive view of the significant advances in heterogeneous catalysis for methanol synthesis through direct hydrogenation of CO2. The challenges in thermodynamics are addressed first. Then the progress in conventional Cu-based catalysts is discussed in detail, with an emphasis on the structural, chemical, and electronic promotions of supports and promoters, the preparation methods and precursors of Cu-based catalysts, as well as the proposed models for active sites. We also provide an overview of the progress in noble metal-based catalysts, bimetallic catalysts including alloys and intermetallic compounds, as well as hybrid oxides and other novel catalytic systems. The developments in mechanistic aspects, reaction conditions and optimization, as well as reactor designs and innovations are also included. The advances in industrial applications for methanol synthesis are further highlighted. Finally, a summary and outlook are provided.

中文翻译：

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CO 2加氢成甲醇的非均相催化技术的发展和观点。

人为二氧化碳（CO2）排放量的不断增加对环境造成了巨大影响。液态阳光视野中的第一个目标是将CO2选择性加氢为甲醇，这不仅可以有效地减少CO2的排放，而且还可以生产增值的化学品和燃料。这项重要的综述全面概述了通过直接加氢CO2进行甲醇合成的非均相催化的重大进展。首先要解决热力学方面的挑战。然后详细讨论了常规铜基催化剂的研究进展，重点是载体和助催化剂的结构，化学和电子促销，铜基催化剂的制备方法和前体以及所提出的活性模型。网站。我们还概述了贵金属基催化剂，包括合金和金属间化合物的双金属催化剂以及杂化氧化物和其他新型催化体系的进展。机械方面，反应条件和优化方面的发展，以及反应器的设计和创新也包括在内。甲醇合成工业应用的进展将进一步突出。最后，提供了摘要和展望。甲醇合成工业应用的进展将进一步突出。最后，提供了摘要和展望。甲醇合成工业应用的进展将进一步突出。最后，提供了摘要和展望。