Per‐/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are pervasive in aquatic systems globally and capable of causing detrimental effects on human and wildlife health. However, most studies are conducted under artificial conditions that are not representative of environmental exposures. Environmental exposures are characterized by multiple routes of exposure, low aquatic PFAS levels, and greater environmental variability than laboratory tests. Determining whether these factors influence toxicity is critical for understanding the effects of PFAS on aquatic life, including amphibians. Our goal was to assess the impact of PFAS on an amphibian under semirealistic conditions. We reared northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) larvae in outdoor mesocosms containing sediment spiked to low, medium, and high levels (nominally 10, 100, or 1000 ppb dry wt) of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) or perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) for 30 d. Larvae in all PFOS treatments and the medium‐PFOA treatment were approximately 1.5 Gosner stages less developed than control animals after 30 d. Notably, these developmental delays were observed at PFOS concentrations in the water as low as 0.06 ppb, which is considerably lower than levels associated with developmental effects in laboratory studies. Our results suggest that deriving toxicity values from laboratory studies examining aquatic exposure only may underestimate the effects of environmental PFAS exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:711–716. © 2020 SETAC

中文翻译：

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环境相关条件下的慢性全氟/多氟烷基物质暴露延迟了北豹蛙（Rana pipiens）幼虫的发育

全氟/多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 在全球水生系统中无处不在，能够对人类和野生动物的健康造成不利影响。然而，大多数研究是在不代表环境暴露的人工条件下进行的。环境暴露的特点是多种暴露途径、低水生 PFAS 水平以及比实验室测试更大的环境可变性。确定这些因素是否影响毒性对于了解全氟和多氟烷基物质对水生生物（包括两栖动物）的影响至关重要。我们的目标是评估 PFAS 在半现实条件下对两栖动物的影响。我们饲养了北豹蛙（Rana pipiens) 室外中层环境中的幼虫，其中含有以低、中和高水平（名义干重为 10、100 或 1000 ppb 干重）的全氟辛烷磺酸 (PFOS) 或全氟辛酸 (PFOA) 加标 30 天。30 天后，所有 PFOS 处理和中等 PFOA 处理中的幼虫比对照动物发育低约 1.5 Gosner 阶段。值得注意的是，在水中 PFOS 浓度低至 0.06 ppb 时观察到这些发育延迟，这远低于实验室研究中与发育影响相关的水平。我们的结果表明，仅从检查水生暴露的实验室研究中得出的毒性值可能会低估环境 PFAS 暴露的影响。环境毒理学化学2021；40：711-716。© 2020 SETAC