Ketoconazole or Nizoral is an antifungal medication used to treat various type of fungal infections. It has been reported that this antifungal agent is able to induce a variety of heart function side effects, such as long-QT syndrome, and ventricular arrhythmias. Hence, prescribing, identifying and controlling the side effects of medications such as ketoconazole is essential for human safety. In this study, a distinct and fast colorimetric probe based on citrate capped silver nanoparticles (Cit-AgNPs) was introduced for determination of trace amounts of ketoconazole. Cit-AgNPs were synthesized trough a novel method and applied for the quantification of ketoconazole in human plasma samples. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microcopy, dynamic light scattering, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis, have been utilized for characterization of Cit-AgNPs. It was revealed that in the presence of ketoconazole, the absorption intensity of Cit-AgNPs was decreased by increasing the ketoconazole concentration. Moreover, this reaction is accompanied by a color change from shiny yellow to brown/red in acidic pH. Under acidic pH and optimum condition, the calibration graph of the assay was linear in the range of 0.1 to 0.8 μM. According to the obtained results Cit-AgNPs can be used as a novel probe for the sensitive and specific detection and determination of similar drugs in clinical samples. Also, this method open a new way to biomedical analyses of pharmaceutical samples which is necessary in TDM.

中文翻译：

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酮康唑与柠檬酸盐封端的银纳米粒子结合的分光光度法研究及其在人血浆样品中的监测。

酮康唑或 Nizoral 是一种抗真菌药物，用于治疗各种类型的真菌感染。据报道，这种抗真菌剂能够诱发多种心脏功能副作用，例如长 QT 综合征和室性心律失常。因此，开具、识别和控制酮康唑等药物的副作用对人类安全至关重要。在这项研究中，引入了一种基于柠檬酸盐封端的银纳米粒子 (Cit-AgNPs) 的独特且快速的比色探针，用于测定痕量酮康唑。Cit-AgNPs 是通过一种新方法合成的，并用于定量人血浆样品中的酮康唑。紫外可见光谱、透射电子显微镜、动态光散射和能量色散 X 射线光谱分析，已被用于表征 Cit-AgNPs。结果表明，在酮康唑存在下，Cit-AgNPs 的吸收强度随着酮康唑浓度的增加而降低。此外，该反应伴随着在酸性 pH 值下颜色从亮黄色变为棕色/红色。在酸性pH和最佳条件下，该测定的校准图在0.1至0.8 μM范围内呈线性。根据所得结果，Cit-AgNPs 可作为一种新型探针用于临床样品中类似药物的灵敏、特异检测和测定。此外，该方法为 TDM 所需的药物样品的生物医学分析开辟了一条新途径。Cit-AgNPs 的吸收强度随着酮康唑浓度的增加而降低。此外，该反应伴随着在酸性 pH 值下颜色从亮黄色变为棕色/红色。在酸性pH和最佳条件下，该测定的校准图在0.1至0.8 μM范围内呈线性。根据所得结果，Cit-AgNPs 可作为一种新型探针用于临床样品中类似药物的灵敏、特异检测和测定。此外，该方法为 TDM 所需的药物样品的生物医学分析开辟了一条新途径。Cit-AgNPs 的吸收强度随着酮康唑浓度的增加而降低。此外，该反应伴随着在酸性 pH 值下颜色从亮黄色变为棕色/红色。在酸性pH和最佳条件下，该测定的校准图在0.1至0.8 μM范围内呈线性。根据所得结果，Cit-AgNPs 可作为一种新型探针用于临床样品中类似药物的灵敏、特异检测和测定。此外，该方法为 TDM 所需的药物样品的生物医学分析开辟了一条新途径。根据所得结果，Cit-AgNPs 可作为一种新型探针用于临床样品中类似药物的灵敏、特异检测和测定。此外，该方法为 TDM 所需的药物样品的生物医学分析开辟了一条新途径。根据所得结果，Cit-AgNPs 可作为一种新型探针用于临床样品中类似药物的灵敏、特异检测和测定。此外，该方法为 TDM 所需的药物样品的生物医学分析开辟了一条新途径。