Both powerful and unstable, practical lithium metal batteries have remained a difficult challenge for over 50 years. With severe ion depletion gradients in the electrolyte during charging, they rapidly develop porosity, dendrites, and dead Li that cause poor performance and, all too often, spectacular failure. Remarkably, incorporating a small, 100 MHz surface acoustic wave device (SAW) solves this problem. Providing acoustic streaming electrolyte flow during charging, the device enables dense Li plating and avoids porosity and dendrites. SAW-integrated Li cells can operate up to 6 mA cm-2 in a commercial carbonate-based electrolyte; omitting the SAW leads to short circuiting at 2 mA cm-2 . The Li deposition is morphologically dendrite-free and close to theoretical density when cycling with the SAW. With a 245 µm thick Li anode in a full Li||LFP (LiFePO4 ) cell, introducing the SAW increases the uncycled Li from 145 to 225 µm, decreasing Li consumption from 41% to only 8%. A closed-form model is provided to explain the phenomena and serve as a design tool for integrating this chemistry-agnostic approach into batteries whatever the chemistry within.

中文翻译：

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通过表面声波驱动的电解质流实现对锂金属电池的快速充电。

强大而不稳定的实用锂金属电池在过去50年来一直是一个艰巨的挑战。由于在充电过程中电解质中的离子消耗梯度严重，它们会迅速形成孔隙，形成树枝状晶体和死锂，这会导致性能不佳，而且常常导致严重失效。值得注意的是，合并一个小型的100 MHz表面声波器件（SAW）可以解决此问题。该器件在充电过程中提供声速的电解液流，可实现密集的锂电镀，并避免了孔隙和枝晶。集成有SAW的Li电池在市售的基于碳酸盐的电解质中可运行高达6 mA cm-2的电流；省略SAW会导致2 mA cm-2处的短路。当使用SAW循环时，Li沉积物无形态树突，并且接近理论密度。在完整的Li || LFP（LiFePO4）电池中使用245 µm厚的Li阳极时，引入SAW可使未循环的Li从145 µm增加到225 µm，从而将Li消耗量从41％降低到仅8％。提供了一种封闭形式的模型来解释现象，并用作将这种与化学无关的方法集成到电池中的任何设计的设计工具。