Mosquitoes are principal vector of several vector-borne diseases affecting human beings leading to thousands of deaths per year and responsible for transmitting diseases like malaria, dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, Zika virus, Japanese encephalitis, and lymphatic filariasis. In the present study, we evaluated the different solvent extracts of mangrove Avicennia marina for their toxicity against larvae of three major mosquito vectors, as well as selected microbial pathogens. The larvicidal mortality of third instars was observed after 24 h. Highest larval mortality was found for the acetone extract of A. marina against Culex quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 0.197 mg/ml; LC90 = 1.5011 mg/ml), Anopheles stephensi (LC50 = 0.176 mg/ml; LC90 = 3.6290 mg/ml), and Aedes aegypti (LC50 = 0.164 mg/ml; LC90 = 4.3554 mg/ml). GC-MS analysis of acetone extract revealed 5 peaks, i.e., 1-hexyl-2-nitrocyclohexane (3.229%), eicosanoic acid (40.582%), cis-9-hexadecenal (70.54%), oleic acid (4.646%), and di-N-decylsulfone (5.136%). Parallel to larvicidal assay, sub-lethal dosage acetone extracts severely affected the enzyme regulations (α,β-carboxylesterase, GST and CYP450) of third instars. Larval and pupal durations increased in all treatment sub-lethal dosage (0.127, 0.151, 0.177, and 0.197 mg/ml), whereas egg hatchability and means of fecundity decreased compared to control. The survival rate was reduced statistically in Cx. quinquefasciatus (χ2 = 23.77, df = 1, P = 0.001) in all the treatment dosages as compared to the control. Antimicrobial activity assays showed significant growth inhibition post treatment with acetone and methanol extracts against Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Shigella flexneri. Overall, these results indicated the potential employment of A. marina extracts as a source of natural mosquitocidal and antimicrobial compounds of green-based environment.

中文翻译：

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Avicennia marina（Forssk。）vierh的生物效应。提取物对三种具有挑战性的蚊媒和微生物病原体的生理，生化和抗菌活性。

蚊子是影响人类的几种媒介传播疾病的主要媒介，每年导致数千人死亡，并负责传播疟疾，登革热，基孔肯雅热，黄热病，寨卡病毒，日本脑炎和淋巴丝虫病等疾病。在本研究中，我们评估了红树林Avicennia marina的不同溶剂提取物对三种主要蚊媒以及选定的微生物病原体对幼虫的毒性。24小时后观察到第三龄幼虫的幼虫死亡率。发现滨海假蝇的丙酮提取物对库蚊（Culex quinquefasciatus）的最高幼虫死亡率（LC50 = 0.197 mg / ml; LC90 = 1.5011 mg / ml），斯蒂芬按蚊（LC50 = 0.176 mg / ml; LC90 = 3.6290 mg / ml），和埃及伊蚊（LC50 = 0.164 mg / ml； LC90 = 4.3554 mg / ml）。丙酮提取物的GC-MS分析显示有5个峰，即1-己基-2-硝基环己烷（3.229％），二十烷酸（40.582％），顺式9-十六烯醛（70.54％），油酸（4.646％）和二正癸基砜（5.136％）。与杀幼虫剂检测平行，亚致死剂量的丙酮提取物严重影响了三龄幼虫的酶调节（α，β-羧酸酯酶，GST和CYP450）。在所有亚致死剂量（0.127、0.151、0.177和0.197 mg / ml）中，幼虫和and的持续时间均增加，而与对照组相比，卵的孵化率和繁殖力下降。Cx生存率统计降低。与对照组相比，在所有治疗剂量中的奎克筋膜（χ2= 23.77，df = 1，P = 0.001）。抗菌活性分析表明，用丙酮和甲醇提取物处理鼠伤寒沙门氏菌，肺炎克雷伯菌，铜绿假单胞菌，肺炎葡萄球菌，大肠杆菌和弗氏志贺氏菌后，具有显着的生长抑制作用。总体而言，这些结果表明，滨海曲霉提取物有可能被用作绿色环境中天然灭蚊和抗菌化合物的来源。