Background Research of many mammal species tends to focus on single habitats, reducing knowledge of ecological flexibility. The Javan lutung (Trachypithecus auratus) is considered a strict forest primate, and little is known about populations living in savannah. In 2017-2018, we investigated the density and distribution of Javan lutung in Baluran National Park, Indonesia. We conducted ad libitum follows and line transect distance sampling with habitat suitability analysis of Javan lutung. Results Estimated density was 14.91 individuals km- 2 (95% CI 7.91-28.08), and estimated population size was 3727 individuals (95% CI 1979 - 7019). Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) habitat suitability was the main driver of lutung habitat suitability as the probability of lutung occurrence increased greatly with macaque habitat suitability. Distance to roads, and distance to secondary forest had a negative relationship with lutung occurrence. Lutung habitat suitability decreased with increasing elevation, however, Mt Baluran and the primary forest on Mt Baluran was under-sampled due to treacherous conditions. Follows of six focus groups revealed considerable use of savannah, with terrestrial travel. The follows also revealed polyspecific associations with long-tailed macaques through shared sleeping sites and inter-specific vocalisations. Conclusions Our study provides new knowledge on the general ecology of Javan lutung, such as use of savannah habitats, underlining our need to branch out in our study sites to understand the flexibility and adaptability of our study species. Another undocumented behaviour is the polyspecific association with long-tailed macaques. We encourage more research on this subject.

中文翻译：

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栖息地适宜性分析揭示了“严格”​​森林灵长类动物的高度生态灵活性。

背景 许多哺乳动物物种的研究往往集中在单一栖息地，减少了对生态灵活性的了解。Javan lutung (Trachypithecus auratus) 被认为是一种严格的森林灵长类动物，对生活在大草原的种群知之甚少。2017-2018年，我们调查了印度尼西亚巴鲁兰国家公园爪哇鲁东的密度和分布。我们对爪哇鲁东的栖息地适宜性分析进行了随意跟随和线样带距离采样。结果 估计密度为 14.91 人 km-2 (95% CI 7.91-28.08)，估计人口规模为 3727 人 (95% CI 1979 - 7019)。长尾猕猴 (Macaca fascicularis) 的栖息地适宜性是 lutung 栖息地适宜性的主要驱动力，因为 lutung 发生的概率随着猕猴栖息地适宜性的增加而大大增加。到道路的距离、到次生林的距离与路通的发生呈负相关。Lutung 栖息地适宜性随着海拔的升高而降低，但是，由于条件恶劣，Mt Baluran 和 Mt Baluran 上的原始森林采样不足。六个焦点小组的跟踪显示大量使用大草原，并进行陆地旅行。以下还揭示了通过共享睡眠部位和特定间发声与长尾猕猴的多特异性关联。结论 我们的研究提供了关于爪哇鲁东的一般生态学的新知识，例如对稀树草原栖息地的利用，强调了我们需要在我们的研究地点扩展，以了解我们研究物种的灵活性和适应性。另一个未记录的行为是与长尾猕猴的多特异性关联。