Given the recent extensive synthesis and application of ionic liquids (ILs), finding a sensitive and visual indicator to provide a fast-initial risk assessment of IL use has become a pressing issue. In this study, we verified that the phototaxis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a valid indicator of the environmental risk associated with chiral ILs L-(+)- and D-(-)-1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium lactate (BMIM L). Briefly, C. reinhardtii was exposed to a 4000-lx side light source for varying lengths of time. Following the allotted exposure time, the algae aggregation was photographed, and then quantitative analysis was conducted using Image-J software to obtain the corresponding relationship between IL stimulation and C. reinhardtii phototaxis. The gray areas from each treatment were measured and the percentage was calculated. After 16 h of side lighting, for control, the percentage of gray areas was - 22%, while for L-(+)- and D-(-)- BMIM L were 17% and 33%, respectively. Then, after 8 h of darkness, where D-(-)-BMIM L and the control showed the positive phototaxis, but the L-(+)-BMIM L-treated group showed virtually no change. This phenomenon is consistent with excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, atomic force microscope (AFM) results indicated distinct aggregation between D-(-)- and L-(+)-BMIM L, which caused changes in cell permeability that induced a change in ROS transfer. Furthermore, relationship between phototaxis and changes in cell ultrastructure and photosynthetic efficiency was also investigated. This work demonstrates the potential of phototaxis to serve as a sensitive, convenient, and cost effective qualitative assessment of ILs' toxic impact, with the understanding that quantitative evaluation requires further improvement.

中文翻译：

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手性离子液体对莱茵衣藻的趋光性的干扰：常规分析和机理尝试。

鉴于最近离子液体（IL）的广泛合成和应用，寻找一种灵敏，直观的指示器来提供IL使用的快速初始风险评估已成为一个紧迫的问题。在这项研究中，我们验证了莱茵衣藻的趋光性是与手性ILs乳酸L-（+）-和D-（-）-1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑鎓（BMIM L）相关的环境风险的有效指标。简而言之，将莱茵衣藻暴露于4000-lx侧光源中不同的时间长度。在指定的暴露时间后，拍摄藻类聚集体，然后使用Image-J软件进行定量分析，以获得IL刺激与莱茵衣藻趋光性之间的对应关系。测量每种处理的灰色区域并计算百分比。在侧面照明16小时后，为了控制，灰色区域的百分比为-22％，而对于L-（+）-和D-（-）-BMIM L分别为17％和33％。然后，在黑暗中8小时后，D-（-）-BMIM L和对照组显示出正的趋光性，而L-（+）-BMIM L处理组几乎没有变化。这种现象与活性氧（ROS）的过量产生是一致的。此外，原子力显微镜（AFM）结果表明D-（-）-和L-（+）-BMIM L之间存在明显的聚集，从而引起细胞通透性变化，从而引起ROS转移的变化。此外，还研究了趋光性与细胞超微结构变化和光合效率之间的关系。这项工作证明了趋光性可以用作灵敏，方便，