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Salient three-dimensional features of the turbulent wake of a simplified square-back vehicle
Journal of Fluid Mechanics ( IF 3.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-02-17 , DOI: 10.1017/jfm.2020.71
G. Pavia , M. A. Passmore , M. Varney , G. Hodgson

In this paper, the unsteady wake of a simplified square-back vehicle, with and without wheels, is investigated using large-scale tomographic particle image velocimetry, at a Reynolds number of $Re_{H}=5.78\times 10^{5}$ (based on the model height). In the no-wheel case, the time-averaged wake features a balanced toroidal shape, with a good level of symmetry in both vertical and lateral directions. However, analysis of the wake dynamics shows this widely accepted result to be a poor model of the wake structure. Application of proper orthogonal decomposition to the unsteady data reveals the existence of the widely reported bi-stable behaviour, consisting of random switches between two lateral symmetry-breaking states. For the first time, the three-dimensional topology of each state is fully characterised and the changes in wake topology during the switches between bi-stable states are also described. Each symmetry-breaking state is shown to feature a characteristic ‘hairpin vortex’ structure that is the result of the merging of two horseshoe vortices, aligned with the vertical edges of the model base. The mutual interactions between these vortices are found to be at the origin of the bi-stable mode. The vertical symmetry is lost when wheels are added to the model, resulting in the formation of an upwash-dominated wake. The bi-stable behaviour is removed but considerable mobility in the near wake remains, in the form of a swinging motion of the rear recirculation.

中文翻译:

简化方背车湍流尾流的显着三维特征

在本文中,在雷诺数 $Re_{H}=5.78\times 10^{5} 下,使用大规模断层扫描粒子图像测速法研究了带轮和不带轮的简化方背车辆的不稳定尾流$(基于模型高度)。在无轮情况下,时间平均尾流具有平衡的环形形状,在垂直和横向方向上都具有良好的对称性。然而,对尾流动力学的分析表明,这一广泛接受的结果是尾流结构的一个糟糕的模型。对不稳定数据应用适当的正交分解揭示了广泛报道的双稳态行为的存在,包括两个横向对称破坏状态之间的随机切换。首次,充分表征了每个状态的三维拓扑结构,并描述了双稳态之间切换期间唤醒拓扑结构的变化。每个对称破坏状态都显示出具有特征性的“发夹涡”结构,这是两个马蹄形涡流合并的结果,与模型底座的垂直边缘对齐。发现这些涡流之间的相互作用是双稳态模式的起源。将轮子添加到模型时,垂直对称性会丢失,从而导致形成以上升流为主的尾流。双稳态行为被消除了,但在近尾流中仍然有相当大的流动性,以后部再循环的摆动运动的形式。每个对称破坏状态都显示出具有特征性的“发夹涡”结构,这是两个马蹄形涡流合并的结果,与模型底座的垂直边缘对齐。发现这些涡流之间的相互作用是双稳态模式的起源。将轮子添加到模型时,垂直对称性会丢失,从而导致形成以上升流为主的尾流。双稳态行为被消除了,但在近尾流中仍然有相当大的流动性,以后部再循环的摆动运动的形式。每个对称破坏状态都显示出具有特征性的“发夹涡”结构,这是两个马蹄形涡流合并的结果,与模型底座的垂直边缘对齐。发现这些涡流之间的相互作用是双稳态模式的起源。将轮子添加到模型时,垂直对称性会丢失,从而导致形成以上升流为主的尾流。双稳态行为被消除,但在近尾流中仍保持相当大的流动性,以后部再循环的摆动运动的形式。将轮子添加到模型时,垂直对称性会丢失,从而导致形成以上升流为主的尾流。双稳态行为被消除了,但在近尾流中仍然有相当大的流动性,以后部再循环的摆动运动的形式。将轮子添加到模型时,垂直对称性会丢失,从而导致形成以上升流为主的尾流。双稳态行为被消除了,但在近尾流中仍然有相当大的流动性,以后部再循环的摆动运动的形式。
更新日期:2020-02-17
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