The US military, municipal fire stations, airports, and the petroleum-processing industry have used aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) to extinguish hydrocarbon-based fires. Repeat uses of AFFF during firefighting activities resulted in per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) contamination of groundwater. Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption is a frequently selected technology for remediating water containing organic contaminants, including PFASs. A pilot study conducted over nine months at a military fire-fighting training area employed two GAC vessels in a lead–lag configuration to evaluate PFAS removal. Breakthrough was quantified for branched and/or linear isomers of 15 PFASs identified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) including perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides, and fluorotelomer sulfonates. The total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay was used to provide information on precursors in the influent and to quantify precursor breakthrough. Individual PFASs quantified by LC-MS/MS accounted for 76% of the PFASs in influent as quantified by the TOP assay. The influent PFAS profile was used to infer the nature of the AFFFs used at the site. Breakthrough of shorter-chain PFAS and branched isomers occurred before breakthrough of longer-chain PFAS and linear isomers. For PFAS with equal perfluoroalkyl chain length, adsorbability for different head groups was in the order –COO⁻ < –SO₃⁻ < –CH₂CH₂SO₃⁻ < –SO₂NH. TOP assay results further showed that precursors of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) broke through GAC in addition to commonly measured PFCAs and perfluoroalkylsulfonic acids. Chromatographic retention times of PFAS obtained from a single analysis of influent groundwater can be used to predict the relative order of breakthrough for other PFASs at the pilot scale on GAC.

中文翻译：

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用颗粒活性炭中试去除AFFF影响的地下水中的全氟和多氟烷基物质和前体

美国军方，市政消防局，机场和石油加工行业已使用水性成膜泡沫（AFFF）扑灭基于碳氢化合物的大火。在消防活动中重复使用AFFF会导致地下水中全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）的污染。颗粒活性炭（GAC）吸附是用于补救包含PFAS在内的有机污染物的水的常用技术。在一个军事消防训练区进行的为期9个月的试点研究使用了铅滞后配置的两艘GAC船来评估PFAS的去除情况。对液相色谱串联质谱（LC-MS / MS）鉴定的15种PFAS的支链和/或线性异构体的突破进行了定量分析，包括全氟烷基羧酸盐，全氟烷基磺酸盐，全氟烷基磺酰胺和氟调聚物磺酸盐。总可氧化前体（TOP）分析用于提供进水中前体的信息并定量前体突破。用LC-MS / MS定量的单个PFAS占进水PFAS的76％（按TOP分析定量）。进水PFAS配置文件用于推断现场使用的AFFF的性质。短链PFAS和支链异构体的突破发生在长链PFAS和线性异构体的突破之前。对于全氟烷基链长度相等的PFAS，不同头基的吸附性约为–COO 用LC-MS / MS定量的单个PFAS占进水PFAS的76％（按TOP分析定量）。进水PFAS配置文件用于推断现场使用的AFFF的性质。短链PFAS和支链异构体的突破发生在长链PFAS和线性异构体的突破之前。对于全氟烷基链长度相等的PFAS，不同头基的吸附性约为–COO 用LC-MS / MS定量的单个PFAS占进水PFAS的76％（按TOP分析定量）。进水PFAS配置文件用于推断现场使用的AFFF的性质。短链PFAS和支链异构体的突破发生在长链PFAS和线性异构体的突破之前。对于全氟烷基链长度相等的PFAS，不同头基的吸附性约为–COO^- < ^- SO ₃ ^- <-CH ₂ CH ₂ SO ₃ ^- < ^- SO ₂ NH。TOP分析结果进一步表明，除通常测量的PFCA和全氟烷基磺酸外，全氟烷基羧酸（PFCA）的前体还突破了GAC。单一进水地下水分析获得的PFAS的色谱保留时间可用于预测GAC中试规模的其他PFAS突破的相对顺序。