Airway system is a vital part of the living being body. Trachea is the upper respiratory portion that connects nostril and lungs, and has multiple functions such as breathing and entrapment of dust/pathogen particles. Tracheal reconstruction by artificial prosthesis, stents and grafts are performed clinically for the repairing of damaged tissue. Although, these methods are repair the damaged parts but they have limited applicability like small area wounds and lack of functional tissue regeneration. Tissue engineering helps to overcome the abovementioned problems by modifying the traditional used stents and grafts not only repair but also regenerate the damaged area to functional tissue. Bioengineered tracheal replacements are biocompatible, non-toxic, porous, having 3D bio-mimetic ultrastructure with good mechanical strength results faster and better tissue regeneration. Till date the bio-engineered tracheal replacements studies has been going on pre-clinical and clinical level. Besides that still many researchers are working at advance level to make ECM based acellular, 3D printed, cell-seeded grafts including living cells to overcome the demand of tissue or organ and making the ready to use tracheal reconstructs for clinical application. Thus, in this review we summarized that tracheal tissue engineering aspects and their outcomes.

中文翻译：

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用于气管组织修复和再生的生物医学移植物“气管组织工程：概述”。

气道系统是生物体内至关重要的部分。气管是连接鼻孔和肺部的上呼吸道部分，具有多种功能，例如呼吸和粉尘/病原体颗粒的包裹。临床上通过人工假体，支架和移植物进行气管重建，以修复受损的组织。虽然这些方法可以修复受损部位，但适用性有限，例如小面积伤口和缺乏功能性组织再生。组织工程学通过修改传统使用的支架和移植物，不仅可以修复而且还可以将受损区域再生为功能组织，从而有助于克服上述问题。生物工程气管替代品具有生物相容性，无毒，多孔，具有良好机械强度的3D仿生超微结构可以更快，更好地组织再生。迄今为止，生物工程气管置换研究一直在临床前和临床阶段进行。除此之外，仍然有许多研究人员正在努力开发基于ECM的无细胞，3D打印，包括细胞在内的细胞播种移植物，以克服组织或器官的需求，并准备将气管重建物用于临床。因此，在这篇综述中，我们总结了气管组织工程方面及其结果。细胞种子移植物，包括活细胞，可以克服组织或器官的需求，并可以立即将气管重建物用于临床。因此，在这篇综述中，我们总结了气管组织工程方面及其结果。细胞种子移植物，包括活细胞，可以克服组织或器官的需求，并可以立即将气管重建物用于临床。因此，在这篇综述中，我们总结了气管组织工程方面及其结果。